Table 7.
Distribution of pharmacogenetics markers in five regions and Thai population.
| Drug | Pharmacogenetics markers | ADR type | Allele frequency (%) | Comparing all five populations (p-value) | Reference | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thai population (n = 470) |
Southern (n = 100) |
Northern (n = 100) |
Northeastern (n = 100) |
Central (n = 100) |
Bangkok (n = 70) |
||||||
| Carbamazepine | HLA-B*15:02 | SJS/TEN | 7.66 | 9.00 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 7.50 | 9.29 | 0.9052 | (Nahoko and Yoshiro, 2013; Sukasem et al., 2014; Su et al., 2016) | |
| HLA-A*31:01 | CADRs, SJS/TEN, DRESS, MPE | 0.85 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.5 | 1.43 | 0.8050 | (Nahoko and Yoshiro, 2013; Sukasem et al., 2014; Su et al., 2016) | ||
| HLA-B*15:11 | SJS/TEN | 0.21 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.0000 | (Sukasem et al., 2014; Su et al., 2016) | ||
| HLA-A*24:02 | SJS/TEN | 11.49 | 14.50 | 10.00 | 11.50 | 10.00 | 11.43 | 0.8546 | (Shi et al., 2017) | ||
| HLA-C*08:01 | SJS/TEN | 10.32 | 14.50 | 8.50 | 8.50 | 11.50 | 7.86 | 0.4764 | (Shi et al., 2017) | ||
| HLA-DRB1*12:02 | SJS/TEN | 15.32 | 13.00 | 13.50 | 16.00 | 16.50 | 18.57 | 0.8070 | (Shi et al., 2017) | ||
| Oxcarbazepine | HLA-B*15:02 | MPE, SJS | 7.66 | 9.00 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 7.50 | 9.29 | 0.9052 | (Su et al., 2016) | |
| HLA-B*13:02 | MPE | 2.13 | 3.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 2.86 | 0.8830 | (Lauren et al., 2014) | ||
| HLA-B*38:02 | MPE | 4.26 | 4.00 | 5.50 | 3.00 | 5.00 | 3.57 | 0.3380 | (Lv et al., 2013) | ||
| Phenytoin | HLA-B*15:02 | SJS/TEN | 7.66 | 9.00 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 7.50 | 9.29 | 0.9052 | (Lauren et al., 2014; Su et al., 2016) | |
| HLA-A*24:02 | SJS/TEN | 11.49 | 14.50 | 10.00 | 11.50 | 10.00 | 11.43 | 0.8546 | (Shi et al., 2017) | ||
| HLA-B*13:01 | SCARs | 5.96 | 3.50 | 8.00 | 6.00 | 6.50 | 5.71 | 0.7450 | (Yampayon et al., 2017) | ||
| HLA-B*56:02 | DRESS | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.71 | 1.0000 | (Yampayon et al., 2017) | ||
| HLA-B*15:13 | SJS/TEN, DRESS | 0.96 | 2.50 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.71 | 0.1330 | (Hung et al., 2010; Jaruthamsophon et al., 2016; Chang et al., 2017) | ||
| HLA-C*08:01 | SJS/TEN | 10.32 | 14.50 | 8.50 | 8.50 | 11.50 | 7.86 | 0.4764 | (Hung et al., 2010; White et al., 2014) | ||
| HLA-DRB1*16:02 | SJS/TEN | 5.96 | 3.50 | 10.00 | 7.00 | 6.50 | 1.43 | 0.0470 | (Hung et al., 2010; White et al., 2014) | ||
| Lamotrigine | HLA-A*24:02 | SJS/TEN, MPE | 11.49 | 14.50 | 10.00 | 11.50 | 10.00 | 11.43 | 0.8546 | (Moon et al., 2015; Shi et al., 2017) | |
| HLA-A*31:01 | SCARs | 0.85 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.5 | 1.43 | 0.8050 | (Kim et al., 2017) | ||
| HLA-A*68:01 | SCARs | 0.96 | 2.00 | 0.00 | 1.50 | 0.00 | 1.43 | 0.5730 | (Kazeem et al., 2009) | ||
| Phenobarbital | HLA-B*51:01 | SJS/TEN | 4.26 | 5.50 | 5.00 | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.57 | 0.9640 | (White et al., 2014) | |
| HLA-A*01:01 | SCARs, MPE | 2.23 | 4.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 2.50 | 3.57 | 0.3250 | (Manuyakorn et al., 2016) | ||
| HLA-B*13:01 | SCARs | 5.96 | 3.50 | 8.00 | 6.00 | 6.50 | 5.71 | 0.7450 | (Manuyakorn et al., 2016) | ||
| Allopurinol | HLA-B*58:01 | CADRs, SCARs, MPE, SJS/TEN, DRESS |
6.38 | 6.00 | 5.00 | 8.00 | 7.50 | 5.00 | 0.8528 | (Cristallo et al., 2011; Sukasem et al., 2014; Su et al., 2016; Sukasem et al., 2016) | |
| HLA-C*03:02 | SJS/TEN | 7.77 | 7.50 | 6.00 | 10.00 | 9.00 | 5.71 | 0.7394 | (Cristallo et al., 2011; Li et al., 2017) | ||
| HLA-A*33:03 | SJS/TEN | 11.17 | 10.50 | 8.50 | 10.00 | 14.50 | 12.86 | 0.6808 | (Cristallo et al., 2011; Li et al., 2017) | ||
| HLA-C*08:01 | SJS/TEN | 10.32 | 14.50 | 8.50 | 8.50 | 11.50 | 7.86 | 0.4764 | (Cristallo et al., 2011) | ||
| HLA-DRB1*13:02 | SJS/TEN | 1.38 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 1.43 | 0.5520 | (Cristallo et al., 2011) | ||
| HLA-DRB1*15:02 | SJS/TEN | 14.47 | 16.00 | 16.50 | 17.00 | 12.50 | 8.57 | 0.3745 | (Cristallo et al., 2011) | ||
| Abacavir | HLA-B*57:01 | AHS | 1.17 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.50 | 1.43 | 1.0000 | (Sukasem et al., 2014; Dao et al., 2015; Su et al., 2016) | |
| Nevirapine | HLA-B*35:05 | SJS/TEN, DRESS | 1.91 | 3.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 1.43 | 0.9400 | (Chantarangsu et al., 2009; Sukasem et al., 2014; Lauren et al., 2014) | |
| Co-trimoxazole | HLA-B*38:01 | SJS/TEN | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | N/A | (Lonjou et al., 2008; White et al., 2014) | |
| HLA-B*38:02 | SJS/TEN | 4.26 | 4.00 | 5.50 | 3.00 | 5.00 | 3.57 | 0.9230 | (Lonjou et al., 2008; White et al., 2014) | ||
| HLA-B*15:02 | SJS/TEN | 7.66 | 9.00 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 7.50 | 9.29 | 0.9052 | (Kongpan et al., 2015) | ||
| HLA-C*06:02 | SJS/TEN | 4.26 | 6.00 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 3.50 | 6.43 | 0.5100 | (Kongpan et al., 2015) | ||
| HLA-C*08:01 | SJS/TEN | 10.32 | 14.50 | 8.50 | 8.50 | 11.50 | 7.86 | 0.4764 | (Kongpan et al., 2015) | ||
| Dapsone | HLA-B*13:01 | SCAR DRESS | 5.96 | 3.50 | 8.00 | 6.00 | 6.50 | 5.71 | 0.7450 | (Zhang et al., 2013; White et al., 2014; Tempark et al., 2017) | |
| Salazosulfa- Pyridine |
HLA-B*13:01 | DRESS | 5.96 | 3.50 | 8.00 | 6.00 | 6.50 | 5.71 | 0.7450 | (Yang et al., 2014) | |
| Methazolamide | HLA-B*59:01 | SJS/TEN | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | N/A | (White et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2016) | |
| Amoxicillin– Clavulanate |
HLA-A*30:02 | DILI | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | N/A | (Stephens et al., 2013) | |
| HLA-DRB1*15:01 | DILI | 8.09 | 10.50 | 7.50 | 6.50 | 9.50 | 5.71 | 0.6862 | (Lucena et al., 2011; Stephens et al., 2013) | ||
| HLA-DQB1*06:02 | DILI | 1.49 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.86 | 0.9400 | (Lucena et al., 2011; Stephens et al., 2013) | ||
| Ticlopidine | HLA-A*33:03 | DILI | 11.17 | 10.50 | 8.50 | 10.00 | 14.50 | 12.86 | 0.6808 | (Hirata et al., 2008) | |
| Flucloxacillin | HLA-B*57:01 | DILI | 1.17 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.50 | 1.43 | 1.0000 | (Daly et al., 2009) | |
| Lapatinib | HLA-DQA1*02:01 | DILI | 8.72 | 8.00 | 6.00 | 7.00 | 11.00 | 12.86 | 0.3900 | (Spraggs et al., 2011) | |
ADR, adverse drug reactions; HLA-A, human leukocyte antigen-A; HLA-B, human leukocyte antigen-B; HLA-C, human leukocyte antigen-C; HLA-DRB1, human leukocyte antigen-DRB1; HLA-DQA1, human leukocyte antigen-DQA1; HLA-DQB1, human leukocyte antigen-DQB1; AHS, abacavir hypersensitivity; CADRs, cutaneous adverse drug reactions; DRESS, drug reactions with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms; DILI, drug-induced liver injury; MPE, maculopapular exanthema; SCARs, severe cutaneous adverse reactions; SJS, Stevens–Johnson syndrome; TEN, toxic epidermal necrolysis; N/A, not available; Significant difference p-value < 0.05 by Pearson’s chi-square test.
Bolded text: Data analysis result was presented statistical significance (p-value < 0.05).