Table 4.
Studies on MSC-derived EVs as therapeutic tool in AKI from IRI.
| MSC origin | Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|
| Human bone marrow | Reduced apoptosis and increased proliferation of renal tubule epithelial cells | (166) |
| Rat bone marrow | Reduced inflammatory cytokines (IL1β; TNFα) | (182) |
| Human umbilical cord | Antioxidation through activation of Nrf2/antioxidant response elements (ARE) and decreased expression of NOX2 | (183, 184) |
| Human umbilical cord | Decreased renal fibrosis (downregulation of CX3CL1, decrease of CD68+macrophages); increased angiogenesis (increased expression of renal VEGF) | (185–187) |
| Human umbilical cord | Tubular cell dedifferentiation and growth (increased ERK1/2 and HGE expression) | (188) |
| Human umbilical cord | Inhibition of mitochondrial fission (miR-30) and reduced apoptosis | (176) |
| Mouse kidney resident | Increased proliferation and reduced apoptosis; increased angiogenesis | (189) |
| Mouse kidney resident (glomeruli) | Increased proliferation of renal tubule epithelial cells | (190) |
| Rat adipose tissue | Inhibition of oxidative stress, apoptosis, renal fibrosis | (191) |
| Human umbilical cord | Increased proliferation and fibrosis (releasing from G2/M cell cycle arrest) | (192) |
| Human bone marrow | Inhibition of apoptosis (downregulation of Sema3A expression and activation of AKT/ERK pathways through miR-199a-3p); inhibition of NK | (193) |
| Human umbilical cord | Inhibition of apoptosis, increased proliferation of renal tubule epithelial cells; reduced CD68+macrophages infiltration; reduced fibrosis (decreased expression of aSMA and TGFβ; increased expression of HGF) | (194) |
| Human BM | Suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress (miR-199a-5p) | (177) |