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. 2020 Mar 5;11:1218. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-14926-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Thermal cycle stability of the PZ1-doped blends (a) under the simulated thermal stress of Moon environment, b under the simulated thermal stress of Low Earth Orbital Satellite, and c under the simulated thermal stress of Mars environment. d Theoretical efficiency of non-fullerene-based solar cells with E_g − eV_oc = 0.5 eV versus the lowest E_g value of the blend films, which was calculated using the 100% AM 1.5 spectrum for the Earth and 59% AM 1.5 spectrum for the Mars⁵⁸, and the AM 0 spectrum for the Moon and Satellite. The E_g value is determined by the broader optical absorption spectra of donor or acceptor in the film. For the purpose of calculation, an FF of 80% and an EQE of 85% were assumed. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.