Table 3.
Univariable and multivariable analysis of factors associated with undernutrition.
| Characteristic | N | Undernourished, n (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p-value1 | Adjusted OR2 (95% CI) | p-value1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Female | 190 | 54 (28.4) | 1 | 0.002 | 1 | 0.001 |
| Male | 444 | 76 (17.1) | 0.52 (0.35df0.78) | 0.44 (0.28–0.70) | |||
| Age category (years) | 18–40 | 271 | 47 (17.3) | 1 | 0.216 | — | |
| 41–65 | 279 | 65 (23.3) | 1.45 (0.95–2.20) | — | |||
| >65 | 84 | 18 (21.4) | 1.30 (0.71–2.39) | — | |||
| Family size | 634 | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | 0.282 | — | |||
| Marital status | Married | 295 | 45 (15.3) | 1 | 0.003 | 1 | 0.001 |
| Single | 257 | 63 (24.5) | 1.80 (1.18–2.76) | 2.30 (1.44–3.67) | |||
| Divorced/separated | 14 | 1 (7.1) | 0.43 (0.05–3.35) | 0.61 (0.07–4.95) | |||
| Widowed | 68 | 21 (30.9) | 2.48 (1.36–4.54) | 2.29 (1.18–4.46) | |||
| Highest level of education obtained | Primary | 218 | 48 (22.0) | 1 | 0.684 | — | |
| Secondary | 249 | 53 (21.3) | 0.96 (0.62–1.49) | — | |||
| Tertiary | 146 | 25 (17.1) | 0.73 (0.43–1.25) | — | |||
| Vocational | 21 | 4 (19.0) | 0.83 (0.27–2.59) | — | |||
| Health insurance | No | 242 | 60 (24.8) | 1 | 0.051 | — | |
| Yes | 368 | 67 (18.2) | 0.68 (0.46–1.00) | — | |||
| Time to health clinic (minutes) | 634 | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.281 | — | |||
| Smoking status | No or Ex | 510 | 110 (21.6) | 1 | 0.169 | — | |
| Yes | 124 | 20 (16.1) | 0.70 (0.41–1.18) | — | |||
| Alcohol consumption | Daily | 117 | 28 (23.9) | 1 | 0.503 | — | |
| Weekly or monthly | 139 | 25 (18.0) | 0.70 (0.38–1.28) | — | |||
| Rarely/Never | 378 | 77 (20.4) | 0.81 (0.50–1.33) | — | |||
| Weight change last 3–6 months | No change | 102 | 16 (15.7) | 1 | 0.007 | — | |
| Increase | 91 | 10 (11.0) | 0.66 (0.28–1.55) | — | |||
| Decrease | 441 | 104 (23.6) | 1.66 (0.93–2.95) | — | |||
| Food intake last 1 month | No change | 238 | 33 (13.9) | 1 | <0.001 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Increase | 145 | 24 (16.6) | 1.23 (0.70–2.18) | 1.47 (0.79–2.72) | |||
| Moderate decrease | 163 | 42 (25.8) | 2.16 (1.30–3.58) | 2.41 (1.39–4.17) | |||
| Severe decrease | 88 | 31 (35.2) | 3.38 (1.91–5.98) | 4.48 (2.40–8.37) | |||
| Household Food security | Secure | 324 | 57 (17.6) | 1 | 0.147 | — | |
| Moderate insecurity | 167 | 37 (22.2) | 1.33 (0.84–2.12) | — | |||
| Severe insecurity | 143 | 36 (25.2) | 1.58 (0.98–2.53) | — | |||
| TB treatment phase1 | Intensive | 329 | 78 (23.7) | 1 | 0.037 | — | |
| Continuation | 305 | 52 (17.0) | 0.66 (0.45–0.98) | — | |||
| Previous TB | New case | 393 | 67 (17.1) | 1 | 0.005 | 1 | 0.002 |
| Relapse case | 237 | 63 (26.6) | 1.76 (1.19–2.60) | 1.97 (1.28–3.04) | |||
| Bacteriologically confirmed TB | No | 407 | 74 (18.2) | 1 | 0.072 | 1 | 0.050 |
| Yes | 218 | 53 (24.3) | 1.45 (0.97–2.15) | 1.56 (1.00–2.42) | |||
| Inflammatory status (CRP)3 | <5 mg/l | 502 | 96 (19.1) | 1 | 0.030 | — | |
| ≥5 mg/l | 41 | 14 (34.2) | 2.19 (1.11–4.34) | — | |||
| Area | Urban | 336 | 56 (16.7) | 1 | 0.011 | — | |
| Rural | 298 | 74 (24.8) | 1.65 (1.12–2.44) | — | |||
OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval. 1p-value from likelihood ratio test.
2Adjusted ORs shown for covariates retained in the final multivariable model (if effects are not reported, covariate was not included).
3C-reactive protein Ref. 45.