Table 4.
Univariable and multivariable analysis of factors associated with Type 2 diabetes.
| Characteristic | N | Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p-value1 | Adjusted OR2 (95% CI) | p-value1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Female | 173 | 17 (9.8) | 1 | 0.723 | — | |
| Male | 416 | 37 (8.9) | 0.90 (0.49–1.64) | — | |||
| Age category (years) | 18–40 | 256 | 6 (2.3) | 1 | <0.001 | 1 | <0.001 |
| 41–65 | 258 | 41 (15.9) | 7.87 (3.28–18.9) | 5.93 (2.41–14.6) | |||
| >65 | 75 | 7 (9.3) | 4.29 (1.40–13.2) | 3.07 (0.97–9.70) | |||
| Family size | 589 | 0.93 (0.83–1.05) | 0.219 | — | |||
| Marital status | Single | 243 | 10 (4.1) | 1 | 0.003 | — | |
| Married | 273 | 36 (13.2) | 3.54 (1.72–7.30) | — | |||
| Divorced/separated | 11 | 1 (9.1) | 2.33 (0.27–20.0) | — | |||
| Widowed | 62 | 7 (11.3) | 2.97 (1.08–8.14) | — | |||
| Highest level of education obtained | Primary | 197 | 16 (8.1) | 1 | 0.221 | — | |
| Secondary | 231 | 28 (12.1) | 1.56 (0.82–2.98) | — | |||
| Tertiary | 142 | 9 (6.3) | 0.77 (0.33–1.79) | — | |||
| Vocational | 19 | 1 (5.3) | 0.63 (0.08–5.02) | — | |||
| Health insurance | No | 226 | 14 (6.2) | 1 | 0.051 | 1 | 0.032 |
| Yes | 350 | 38 (10.9) | 1.84 (0.98–3.49) | 2.05 (1.05–4.05) | |||
| Time to health clinic (minutes) | 589 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.128 | — | |||
| Smoking status | No or Ex | 476 | 44 (9.2) | 1 | 0.896 | — | |
| Yes | 113 | 10 (8.8) | 0.95 (0.46–1.96) | — | |||
| Alcohol consumption | Daily | 111 | 12 (10.8) | 1 | 0.783 | — | |
| Weekly or monthly | 133 | 11 (8.3) | 0.74 (0.31–1.76) | — | |||
| Rarely/Never | 345 | 31 (9.0) | 0.81 (0.40–1.65) | — | |||
| Weight change last 3–6 months | No change | 97 | 8 (8.2) | 1 | 0.730 | — | |
| Increase | 82 | 6 (7.3) | 0.88 (0.29–2.64) | — | |||
| Decrease | 410 | 40 (9.8) | 1.20 (0.54–2.66) | — | |||
| Food intake last 1 month | No change | 223 | 18 (8.1) | 1 | 0.553 | — | |
| Increase | 136 | 10 (7.4) | 0.90 (0.40–2.02) | — | |||
| Moderate decrease | 152 | 17 (11.2) | 1.43 (0.71–2.88) | — | |||
| Severe decrease | 78 | 9 (11.5) | 1.49 (0.64–3.46) | — | |||
| Food security | Secure | 308 | 30 (9.7) | 1 | 0.689 | — | |
| Moderate insecurity | 148 | 11 (7.4) | 0.74 (0.36–1.53) | — | |||
| Severe insecurity | 133 | 13 (9.8) | 1.00 (0.51–1.99) | — | |||
| TB treatment phase | Intensive | 307 | 32 (10.4) | 1 | 0.269 | — | |
| Continuation | 282 | 22 (7.8) | 0.73 (0.41–1.28) | — | |||
| Previous TB | New case | 366 | 31 (8.5) | 1 | 0.523 | — | |
| Relapse case | 219 | 22 (10.1) | 1.21 (0.68–2.14) | — | |||
| Bacteriologically confirmed TB | No | 373 | 29 (7.8) | 1 | 0.136 | — | |
| Yes | 208 | 24 (11.5) | 1.55 (0.88–2.74) | — | |||
| Inflammatory status (CRP) | <5 g/l | 502 | 44 (8.8) | 1 | 0.121 | — | |
| ≥5 g/l | 42 | 7 (16.7) | 2.08 (0.87–4.96) | — | |||
| BMI group3 | Normal | 216 | 8 (3.7) | 1 | <0.001 | — | |
| Underweight | 337 | 38 (11.3) | 0.30 (0.14–0.66) | — | |||
| Overweight | 28 | 6 (21.4) | 2.15 (0.82–5.63) | — | |||
| Obese | 6 | 2 (33.3) | 3.93 (0.70–22.2) | — | |||
| Central obesity: waist-to-hip ratio4 | No | 393 | 13 (3.3) | 1 | <0.001 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 195 | 41(21.0) | 7.78 (4.06–14.9) | 6.16 (3.15–12.0) | |||
| Area | Urban | 325 | 26 (8.0) | 1 | 0.277 | — | |
| Rural | 264 | 28 (10.6) | 1.36 (0.78–2.39) | — | |||
OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval. 1p-value from likelihood ratio test.
2Adjusted ORs shown for covariates retained in the final multivariable model (if effects are not reported, covariate was not included).
3underweight: Body Mass Index underweight: <18.5, normal: 18.5–24.9, overweight: 25.0–29.9, obese ≥30 kg/m2.
4based on waist-to-hip ratio >0.85 for women and >0.9 for men.