Comparison 4. Treatment morbidity and mortality.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Anastomotic leaks	8	1501	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.92 [0.62, 1.37]
2 Pulmonary complications	8	1501	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.10 [0.76, 1.61]
3 Cardiac complications	5	1314	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.03 [0.69, 1.55]
4 Infectious complications	5	1184	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.65 [0.41, 1.02]
5 Gastrointestinal complications	2	902	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	7.77 [0.02, 3360.76]
6 Any complications	5	1340	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.93 [0.81, 1.08]
7 Postoperative deaths	10	2196	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.93 [0.68, 1.28]