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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2019 Feb 7;10(5):555–562. doi: 10.1017/S2040174419000047

Table 2:

Unadjusted and adjusted associations between delivery mode and immune biomarkers and morbidity

Elevated CRPa Morbidityb High lymphocytesc High monocytes High neutrophils High basophils High eosinophils
RR [95% CI] RR [95% CI] RR [95% CI] RR [95% CI] RR [95% CI] RR [95% CI] RR [95% CI]
Unadjusted model
Caesarean delivery 0.77 1.43* 1.07 1.19 0.94 1.99* 0.88
[0.59,1.01] [1.05,1.94] [0.55,2.08] [0.84,1.68] [0.55,1.60] [1.12,3.53] [0.65,1.20]
Adjusted model
Caesarean delivery 0.76* 1.22* 1 1.01 1.11 1.83* 1
[0.58,1.00] [1.01,1.46] [0.51,1.92] [0.86,1.18] [0.66,1.86] [1.03,3.25] [0.82,1.22]
Sick past 2 weeksb 1.50** -- 0.66 1.06 1.18 1.02 1.11
[1.14,1.98] -- [0.35,1.21] [0.90,1.24] [0.71,1.95] [0.57,1.80] [0.91,1.34]
Infant age, months 0.98 0.99 0.90** 0.99 1.07* 0.99 1.02
[0.96,1.01] [0.97,1.01] [0.84,0.97] [0.98,1.01] [1.01,1.12] [0.94,1.05] [1.00,1.04]
Current breastfeeding, yes 0.98 0.81 1.3 0.93 1.15 0.9 0.98
[0.70,1.37] [0.64,1.03] [0.61,2.78] [0.76,1.15] [0.59,2.26] [0.44,1.86] [0.76,1.26]
Infant sex, female 0.8 0.98 0.87 0.9 0.84 1.03 0.89
[0.68,1.13] [0.82,1.17] [0.47,1.60] [0.77,1.05] [0.52,1.36] [0.60,1.79] [0.74,1.07]
Income <20th%ile reference reference reference reference reference reference reference
20–40th %ile 1.05 0.95 1.19 1.04 1.67 1.3 0.92
[0.74,1.48] [0.74,1.23] [0.43,3.31] [0.83,1.30] [0.91,3.09] [0.50,3.38] [0.71,1.18]
40–60th %ile 0.87 0.90 1.92 1.03 0.92 2.64* 0.94
[0.60,1.27] [0.69,1.17] [0.76,4.84] [0.82,1.29] [0.44,1.91] [1.13,6.18] [0.72,1.22]
60–80th %ile 0.91 0.81 1.63 1.1 0.43 1.32 0.72*
[0.60,1.39] [0.61,1.09] [0.55,4.82] [0.86,1.41] [0.16,1.20] [0.48,3.61] [0.53,0.99]
>80th %ile 0.80 0.79 2.56 1.07 0.67 1.42 0.63*
[0.57,1.48] [0.57,1.10] [0.90,7.34] [0.81,1.42] [0.25,1.78] [0.49,4.12] [0.43,0.92]
Area, rural 1.06 0.90 1.09 0.98 0.94 0.67 0.89
[0.80, 1.40] [0.74,1.10] [0.54,2.20] [0.82,1.16] [0.56,1.57] [0.34,1.33] [0.72,1.09]
*

p<0.05,

**

p<0.01,

***

p<0.001 from multilevel, adjusted (prevalence) risk ratio regression models with Poisson specification and clustering by province

a

defined as CRP >2mg/L

b

symptoms of diarrhea or respiratory infection (cough, runny nose, difficulty breathing, sore throat or flu) in the past 2 weeks

c

defined based on standard pediatric cut-points16 as: basophils >1%, lymphocytes >76%, neutrophils >45%, eosinophils>3% and monocytes >6%.