Table 1. Baseline characteristics of participants stratified by hypertensive groups.
| Variables | Overall (n = 2189) | Treated, controlled (n = 279) | Treated, moderately controlled (n = 1046) | Treated, poorly controlled (n = 139) | Untreated (n = 725) | P* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 60.6 (9.9) | 62.0 (9.9) | 64.5 (9.0) | 60.8 (7.8) | 60.63 (9.9) | <0.001 |
| Male, % | 1104 (50.4) | 153 (54.8) | 499 (47.7) | 74 (53.2) | 378 (52.1) | 0.09 |
| Ethnicity, % | ||||||
| Chinese | 459 (21.0) | 72 (15.7) | 260 (56.6) | 17 (3.7) | 110 (24.0) | <0.001 |
| Malay | 798 (36.4) | 46 (5.8) | 333 (41.7) | 65 (8.1) | 354 (44.4) | |
| Indian | 932 (42.6) | 161 (20.2) | 453 (56.8) | 57 (7.1) | 261 (32.7) | |
| Primary or below education, % | 1567 (71.6) | 178 (63.8) | 740 (70.7) | 102 (73.4) | 547 (75.4) | 0.003 |
| Monthly income, <S$1,000, % | 1425 (65.1) | 163 (58.4) | 719 (68.7) | 87 (62.6) | 456 (62.9) | 0.004 |
| Current smoking, % | 267 (12.2) | 30 (10.8) | 88 (8.4) | 16 (11.5) | 133 (18.3) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption, % | 169 (7.7) | 25 (9) | 71 (6.8) | 11 (7.9) | 62 (8.6) | 0.5 |
| History of CVD, % | 473 (21.6) | 103 (36.9) | 264 (25.2) | 27 (19.4) | 79 (10.9) | <0.001 |
| CKD, % | 489 (22.3) | 60 (21.5) | 276 (26.4) | 38 (27.3) | 115 (15.9) | <0.001 |
| Use of anti-diabetic medication, % | 1389 (63.5) | 216 (77.4) | 791 (75.6) | 99 (71.2) | 283 (39) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes duration, years | 10.2 (9.3) | 10.5 (9.0) | 11.5 (9.2) | 8.9 (8.1) | 10.2 (9.3) | 0.08 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 157.4 (19.4) | 118.7 (8.4) | 149.9 (15.6) | 171.0 (18.0) | 157.4 (19.4) | <0.001 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 83.6 (11.2) | 68.2 (5.5) | 76.6 (7.3) | 96.7 (7.2) | 83.6 (11.2) | <0.001 |
| PP, mm Hg | 73.8 (16.7) | 50.5 (8.5) | 73.3 (15.7) | 74.2 (16.2) | 73.8 (16.7) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 8.2 (2) | 7.2 (1.2) | 7.5 (1.5) | 7.7 (1.5) | 8.2 (2.0) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.7 (4.7) | 27.0 (4.7) | 27.2 (4.9) | 27.5 (4.4) | 26.8 (4.7) | 0.1 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.7 (1.3) | 4.4 (1.0) | 4.9 (1.1) | 5.4 (1.3) | 5.7 (1.3) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; PP, pulse pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation
*P-values for continuous variables were obtained using ANOVA, and for categorical variables using chi-square tests.
Data presented are frequency (percentage) or mean (standard deviation) as appropriate for the variable.