Table 2. Association between hypertension, BP categories and DR.
| BP categories | Number at risk (cases) | DR, % | Age, sex, and ethnicity-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Multivariate* OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypertension categories | ||||
| Treated, controlled | 279 (77) | 27.6 | Ref | Ref |
| Treated, moderately controlled | 1046 (379) | 36.2 | 0.93 (0.64–1.34) | 0.97 (0.63–1.50) |
| Treated, poorly controlled | 139 (59) | 42.5 | 1.87 (1.39–2.54) | 1.97 (1.39–2.83) |
| Untreated | 725 (225) | 31.0 | 1.24 (0.91–1.70) | 2.01 (1.34–3.05) |
| SBP Quartile | ||||
| Quantile 1 (84.5–136 mm Hg) | 559 (154) | 27.6 | Ref | Ref |
| Quantile 2 (136.5–148 mm Hg) | 536 (163) | 30.4 | 1.19 (0.92–1.56) | 1.37 (0.98–1.91) |
| Quantile 3 (148.33–163 mm Hg) | 553 (191) | 34.5 | 1.50 (1.15–1.95) | 1.89 (1.35–2.65) |
| Quantile 4 (163.5–275 mm Hg) | 540 (231) | 42.8 | 2.20 (1.67–2.91) | 2.60 (1.78–3.80) |
| P trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Each SD increase in SBP | 1.38 (1.26–1.52) | 1.45 (1.28–1.65) | ||
| DBP Quartile | ||||
| Quantile 1 (43–70.5 mm Hg) | 560 (199) | 35.5 | Ref | Ref |
| Quantile 2 (70.67–78 mm Hg) | 537 (193) | 35.9 | 1.00 (0.78–1.29) | 1.26 (0.92–1.74) |
| Quantile 3 (78.33–86 mm Hg) | 559 (178) | 31.8 | 0.87 (0.67–1.13) | 1.00 (0.71–1.39) |
| Quantile 4 (86.5–131 mm Hg) | 532 (169) | 31.8 | 0.94 (0.71–1.24) | 1.24 (0.83–1.87) |
| P trend | 0.09 | 0.2 | 0.8 | |
| Each SD increase in DBP | 1.0 (0.86–1.05) | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | ||
| PP Quartile | ||||
| Quartile 1 (25–58.5 mm Hg) | 563 (134) | 23.8 | Ref | Ref |
| Quartile 2 (58.67–70 mm Hg) | 535 (148) | 27.7 | 1.32 (1.00–1.76) | 1.53 (1.07–2.18) |
| Quartile 3 (70.17–82 mm Hg) | 550 (219) | 39.8 | 2.28 (1.72–3.03) | 2.91 (2.03–4.2) |
| Quartile 4 (82.5–144 mm Hg) | 540 (238) | 44.1 | 3.16 (2.31–4.35) | 3.43 (2.27–5.23) |
| P trend | < 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Each SD increase in PP | 1.64 (1.48–1.82) | 1.61 (1.41–1.84) |
Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DR, diabetic retinopathy; OR, odds ratio; PP, pulse pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation.
*Adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, education level, income level, current smoking, current alcohol consumption, body mass index, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, HbA1c, chronic kidney disease, history of cardiovascular disease, duration of diabetes, anti-diabetic medication use, and anti-hypertensive medication use.
P-interaction between hypertension categories and ethnicity in multivariate model = 0.009; SBP and ethnicity in multivariate model = 0.1; PP and ethnicity in multivariate model = 0.6.