Table 1.
Mean prices† (with 95 % confidence intervals) of unprocessed or minimally processed foods and processed culinary ingredients, processed and ultra-processed foods according to three time periods. Brazil‡, 1995–2017
| Price (R$/kg) according to time periods | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1995–2002 | 2003–2010 | 2011–2017 | Total | |||||
| Food group/subgroup | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI |
| Unprocessed or minimally processed foods and processed culinary ingredients | 3·75 | 3·71, 3·80 | 4·43 | 4·41, 4·46 | 4·70* | 4·66, 4·73 | 4·28 | 4·23, 4·33 |
| Unprocessed or minimally processed foods | ||||||||
| Meats | 9·08 | 8·89, 9·27 | 11·28 | 11·10, 11·46 | 13·10* | 13·00, 13·20 | 11·07 | 10·85, 11·28 |
| Milk and eggs | 3·89 | 3·82, 3·95 | 4·50 | 4·44, 4·55 | 4·58 | 4·52, 4·63 | 4·31 | 4·26, 4·36 |
| Vegetables | 3·64 | 3·56, 3·72 | 4·16 | 4·05, 4·27 | 4·89* | 4·75, 5·02 | 4·20 | 4·11, 4·28 |
| Fruits | 3·13 | 3·06, 3·20 | 3·09 | 3·05, 3·12 | 3·46 | 3·38, 3·54 | 3·21 | 3·17, 3·25 |
| Roots and tubers | 3·15 | 3·04, 3·25 | 2·99 | 2·89, 3·08 | 3·35 | 3·20, 3·50 | 3·15 | 3·08, 3·22 |
| Cereals and pulses | 2·97 | 2·88, 3·05 | 3·76 | 3·68, 3·85 | 3·64 | 3·56, 3·72 | 3·45 | 3·38, 3·51 |
| Processed culinary ingredients | ||||||||
| Vegetable and animal fats | 4·39 | 4·27, 4·50 | 5·64 | 5·49, 5·78 | 4·89 | 4·79–4·99 | 4·97 | 4·88–5·07 |
| Sugar | 1·80 | 1·74, 1·87 | 2·45 | 2·35, 2·55 | 2·44 | 2·35–2·53 | 2·22 | 2·16, 2·28 |
| Salt | 0·79 | 0·79, 0·80 | 1·28 | 1·21, 1·35 | 1·64* | 1·62–1·66 | 1·22 | 1·17, 1·27 |
| Processed foods | 6·63 | 6·51, 6·76 | 8·05 | 8·01, 8·09 | 8·32* | 8·26–8·38 | 7·64 | 7·54, 7·74 |
| Processed meats | 13·75 | 13·43, 14·07 | 17·38 | 17·12, 17·63 | 19·47* | 19·33–19·62 | 16·75 | 16·44, 17·07 |
| Processed vegetables | 10·11 | 10·02, 10·20 | 11·37 | 11·23, 11·52 | 10·96 | 10·89, 11·04 | 10·81 | 10·72, 10·90 |
| French bread | 5·94 | 5·81, 6·07 | 7·25 | 7·21, 7·30 | 7·50* | 7·43, 7·56 | 6·87 | 6·77, 6·96 |
| Ultra-processed foods | 6·75 | 6·69, 6·81 | 7·31 | 7·22, 7·39 | 6·67 | 6·65, 6·70 | 6·92 | 6·87, 6·97 |
| Confectionery | 15·64 | 15·40, 15·88 | 17·71 | 17·48, 17·95 | 15·75 | 15·64, 15·87 | 16·40 | 16·23, 16·56 |
| Sausages | 10·30 | 10·23, 10·38 | 11·81 | 11·68, 11·94 | 11·33 | 11·26, 11·39 | 11·14 | 11·05, 11·23 |
| Cakes, bread and crackers | 10·55 | 10·41, 10·68 | 11·71 | 11·59, 11·84 | 10·24 | 10·19, 10·30 | 10·86 | 10·76, 10·96 |
| Soft drink | 2·70 | 2·66, 2·74 | 2·88 | 2·84, 2·91 | 2·85 | 2·83, 2·86 | 2·81 | 2·78, 2·83 |
| Other ultra-processed foods | 10·22 | 10·12, 10·31 | 10·08 | 9·87, 10·29 | 8·36 | 8·32, 8·39 | 9·60 | 9·48, 9·73 |
*
Mean price values were significantly different between the three periods (P < 0·05).
†
Real price, deflated to represent December 2017 values. For further information, see the ‘Methods’ section.
‡
Based on a novel data set created by combining the 2008–2009 Household Budget Survey data and information from the National System of Consumer Price Indexes. For further information, see the ‘Methods’ section.