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. 2007 Apr 10;17(2):54–60. doi: 10.2188/jea.17.54

Figure 3. Incidence rate ratios of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by age and smoking among females.

Figure 3.

* : p < 0.01.

† : Incidence rate ratios of age groups to 40-44 years old and those of smoking status to non-smokers were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models with an adjustment of the other variable.

‡ : Brinkman Index: number of cigarettes per day × total years smoking.

§ : not estimated.