Table 1. Demographic variables and osteoporosis-related knowledge, self-efficacy, and health belief scales across 5 stages.
| Variables | Total | Precontemplation | Contemplation | Preparation | Action | Maintenance | Trend test p-value§ |
| Total participants* | 150 (100%) | 10 (7%) | 12 (8%) | 65 (43%) | 36 (24%) | 27 (18%) | |
| Demographic variables | |||||||
| Age† | 58.8 (9.4) | 55.1 (12.5) | 56.3 (11.0) | 59.1 (9.5) | 59.5 (8.1) | 59.4 (9.1) | 0.228 |
| Age at menarche† | 13.7 (1.5) | 15.0 (2.2) | 14.4 (1.1) | 13.5 (1.3) | 13.5 (1.5) | 13.4 (1.3) | 0.012 |
| Years after menopause† | 11.7 (6.7) | 14.7 (8.4) | 13.4 (6.1) | 11.9 (7.1) | 10.9 (6.2) | 10.9 (6.4) | 0.132 |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m2)† | 21.8 (3.0) | 22.4 (3.9) | 21.2 (1.4) | 21.9 (3.3) | 21.1 (2.7) | 22.4 (2.7) | 0.992 |
| Bone Mineral Density (BMD) (g/cm2)† | 0.86 (0.16) | 0.73 (0.17) | 0.83 (0.11) | 0.83 (0.13) | 0.89 (0.19) | 0.96 (0.16) | <0.001 |
| Parity† | 2.4 (1.2) | 1.6 (0.5) | 1.8 (0.4) | 2.3 (1.3) | 2.6 (1.2) | 3.1 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| Prevalence of osteoporosis or osteopenia‡ | 49 (33%) | 5 (50%) | 3 (25%) | 26 (40%) | 12 (33%) | 3 (11%) | 0.029 |
| Proportion of menopause‡ | 116 (77%) | 6 (60%) | 7 (58%) | 53 (82%) | 28 (78%) | 22 (82%) | 0.196 |
| Regular physical activity‡ | 43 (28.7%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (25.0%) | 13 (20.0%) | 12 (33.3%) | 15 (55.6%) | <0.001 |
| Obtaining information regarding osteoporosis from health centers‡ | 51 (34%) | 1 (10%) | 1 (8%) | 16 (25%) | 17 (47%) | 16 (59%) | <0.001 |
| Osteoporosis Knowledge Test (OKT) | |||||||
| Osteoporosis Knowledge Test Calcium† | 11.4 (3.3) | 10.3 (3.2) | 9.4 (3.3) | 11.2 (3.1) | 12.0 (3.1) | 12.4 (3.1) | 0.003 |
| Osteoporosis Knowledge Test Exercise† | 8.9 (2.7) | 7.9 (2.1) | 7.5 (3.0) | 9.0 (3.0) | 9.2 (2.6) | 9.4 (2.2) | 0.038 |
| Osteoporosis Self-Efficacy Scale (OSES) | |||||||
| Osteoporosis Self-Efficacy Scale Calcium† | 11.7 (3.6) | 10.2 (3.6) | 9.8 (4.0) | 11.4 (3.5) | 12.6 (3.4) | 13.1 (3.4) | <0.001 |
| Osteoporosis Self-Efficacy Scale Exercise† | 11.8 (4.0) | 10.6 (3.8) | 10.1 (4.2) | 11.5 (3.9) | 12.4 (4.2) | 13.0 (3.9) | 0.012 |
| Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale (OHBS) | |||||||
| Susceptability† | 11.2 (3.2) | 9.4 (2.3) | 9.2 (3.9) | 11.0 (3.1) | 11.7 (2.8) | 12.7 (3.0) | <0.001 |
| Seriousness† | 16.0 (3.4) | 15.5 (2.3) | 14.3 (3.0) | 16.2 (3.5) | 16.4 (3.7) | 16.2 (3.5) | 0.231 |
| Benefits-Calcium† | 11.6 (3.8) | 10.6 (3.8) | 10.1 (4.2) | 11.5 (4.0) | 11.9 (3.5) | 12.5 (3.3) | 0.050 |
| Benefits-Exercise† | 18.3 (2.9) | 17.6 (2.9) | 17.1 (2.3) | 18.0 (3.2) | 18.7 (2.4) | 19.3 (2.5) | 0.007 |
| Barriers-Calcium† | 8.2 (2.5) | 9.1 (4.3) | 9.5 (2.5) | 8.3 (2.2) | 7.8 (2.4) | 7.4 (2.1) | 0.006 |
| Barriers-Exercise† | 8.3 (2.7) | 9.1 (4.3) | 9.5 (2.5) | 8.7 (2.7) | 7.8 (2.4) | 7.4 (2.1) | 0.004 |
| Health Motivation† | 15.5 (3.2) | 13.8 (4.2) | 13.8 (3.0) | 15.4 (3.4) | 15.7 (2.3) | 16.9 (2.8) | 0.001 |
| Participants with calcium intake < 600 mg/day‡ | 95 (63%) | 9 (90%) | 10 (83%) | 57 (88%) | 16 (44%) | 3 (11%) | <0.001 |
| Daily calcium supplement intake‡ | 21 (14%) | 1 (10%) | 3 (25%) | 4 (6%) | 7 (19%) | 6 (22%) | 0.153 |
| Total energy intake (kcal)† | 1665 (395) | 1372 (364) | 1437 (318) | 1557 (289) | 1723 (304) | 2057 (475) | <0.001 |
* : N (proportion to total participants)
† : Mean (standard deviation)
‡ : N (proportion to participants in respective stage)
§ : Trend tests have been conducted using simple linear regression