Table 4. Multivariate analysis* of possible factors for pneumonia deaths.
| Men | Women | Total | ||||
| HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||
| 10.0-17.9 | 2.0 (1.5, 2.6) | <.001 | 2.3 (1.6, 3.1) | <.001 | 2.1 (1.7, 2.6) | <.001 |
| 18.0-22.9 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | |||
| 23.0-24.9 | 0.6 (0.5, 0.8) | <.001 | 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.290 | 0.7 (0.5, 0.8) | <.001 |
| 25.0-32.9 | 0.6 (0.5, 0.9) | 0.003 | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) | 0.023 | 0.7 (0.5, 0.8) | <.001 |
| Trend | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | |||
| Smoking | ||||||
| Current | 1.6 (1.2, 2.0) | <.001 | 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) | 0.138 | 1.6 (1.3, 1.9) | <.001 |
| Fomer | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | 0.167 | 1.4 (0.7, 2.7) | 0.351 | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | 0.109 |
| Never | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | |||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| Current | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.058 | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.370 | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.043 |
| Fomer | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 0.695 | 2.8 (1.6, 4.7) | <.001 | 1.3 (1.0, 1.7) | 0.099 |
| Never | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | |||
| Medical History | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 0.010 | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 0.054 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.443 |
| Myocardial infarction | 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) | 0.001 | 0.8 (0.5, 1.5) | 0.522 | 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) | 0.183 |
| Tuberculosis | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) | 0.012 | 1.7 (1.1, 2.4) | 0.009 | 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) | <.001 |
| Cancer | 1.7 (1.0, 3.0) | 0.050 | 2.6 (1.5, 4.3) | <.001 | 2.1 (1.4, 3.0) | <.001 |
| Blood transfusion | 2.1 (1.7, 2.7) | <.001 | 1.9 (1.4, 2.5) | <.001 | 2.0 (1.7, 2.4) | <.001 |
| Pregnancy | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | 0.017 | ||||
| Exercise (playing sports) | ||||||
| <1 hour/week | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | 0.502 | 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) | 0.108 | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | 0.129 |
| 1-2 hour/week | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | |||
| 3-4 hour/week | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 0.487 | 1.5 (0.8, 2.7) | 0.214 | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 0.951 |
| More | 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) | 0.122 | 1.2 (0.6, 2.2) | 0.592 | 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.283 |
| Trend | 0.003 | 0.381 | 0.002 | |||
| Exercise (daily walking) | ||||||
| <0.5 hour/day | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | 0.509 | 1.5 (1.0, 2.3) | 0.082 | 1.3 (1.0, 1.7) | 0.105 |
| 0.5 hour/day | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | |||
| >0.5-1 hour/day | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.273 | 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) | 0.181 | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 0.096 |
| More | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) | 0.005 | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 0.051 | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | <.001 |
| Trend | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | |||
*: Adjusted for age and history of diabetes mellitus. Persons with history of stroke were excluded.
HR: hazard ratio
CI: confidence interval