Table 2.
Separate association between standardized food group residuals, energy and MDS with the standardised severity of depression (IDS), anxiety (BAI) and phobias (FEAR)
| IDS Score (n = 1616) | BAI (n = 1612) | FEAR (n = 1613) | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||||||||
| β | 95% CI | p value | β | 95% CI | p value | β | 95% CI | p value | β | 95% CI | p value | β | 95% CI | p value | β | 95% CI | p value | |
| Energy (kcal/day) | 0.05 | (0.00, 1.10) | 0.07 | 0.06 | (0.00, 1.11) | 0.02 | 0.07 | (0.02, 0.12) | 0.01 | 0.08 | (0.03, 0.13) | < 0.01 | 0.06 | (0.01, 1.10) | 0.03 | 0.07 | (0.02, 1.12) | 0.01 |
| MDS Score | − 0.13 | (− 0.18, − 0.08) | < 0.01 | − 0.12 | (− 0.17, − 0.07) | < 0.01 | − 0.11 | (− 0.16, − 0.06) | < 0.01 | − 0.09 | (− 0.14, − 0.04) | < 0.01 | − 0.08 | (− 0.13, − 0.03) | < 0.01 | − 0.08 | (− 0.13, − 0.03) | < 0.01 |
| Food group residuals | ||||||||||||||||||
| Non-refined grains | − 0.10 | (− 0.15, − 0.05) | < 0.01 | − 0.09 | (− 0.14, − 0.05) | < 0.01 | − 0.07 | (− 0.12, − 0.02) | < 0.01 | − 0.06 | (− 0.11, − 0.01) | 0.01 | − 0.02 | (− 0.07, − 0.03) | 0.52 | − 0.01 | (− 0.06, − 0.03) | 0.65 |
| Vegetables | − 0.07 | (− 0.12, − 0.02) | 0.01 | − 0.06 | (− 0.11, − 0.01) | 0.03 | − 0.06 | (− 0.11, − 0.01) | 0.01 | − 0.05 | (− 0.10, − 0.00) | 0.04 | − 0.11 | (− 0.16, − 0.06) | < 0.01 | − 0.10 | (− 0.15, − 0.05) | < 0.01 |
| Fruit | − 0.05 | (− 0.10, 0.00) | 0.04 | − 0.04 | (− 0.09, 0.01) | 0.14 | − 0.02 | (− 0.07, 0.03) | 0.48 | 0.00 | (− 0.05, 0.05) | 0.96 | − 0.09 | (− 0.14, 0.04) | < 0.01 | − 0.08 | (− 0.13, 0.03) | < 0.01 |
| Fish | − 0.03 | (− 0.07, 0.02) | 0.30 | − 0.02 | (− 0.07, 0.03) | 0.35 | − 0.04 | (− 0.08, 0.01) | 0.15 | − 0.04 | (− 0.08, 0.01) | 0.16 | − 0.05 | (− 0.10, 0.00) | 0.05 | − 0.05 | (− 0.09, 0.00) | 0.06 |
| Olive oil | − 0.02 | (− 0.07, 0.03) | 0.34 | − 0.02 | (− 0.07, 0.03) | 0.37 | − 0.02 | (− 0.07, 0.03) | 0.39 | − 0.02 | (− 0.07, 0.03) | 0.42 | − 0.02 | (− 0.07, 0.03) | 0.39 | − 0.02 | (− 0.07, 0.03) | 0.39 |
| Red and processed meata | − 0.02 | (− 0.07, 0.03) | 0.42 | − 0.02 | (− 0.07, 0.03) | 0.36 | − 0.02 | (− 0.07, 0.03) | 0.46 | − 0.03 | (− 0.07, 0.02) | 0.31 | 0.00 | (− 0.05, 0.05) | 0.97 | 0.00 | (− 0.05, 0.05) | 0.88 |
| Potatoes | − 0.02 | (− 0.07, 0.03) | 0.47 | − 0.02 | (− 0.07, 0.03) | 0.50 | − 0.05 | (− 0.10, 0.00) | 0.06 | − 0.05 | (− 0.10, 0.00) | 0.06 | 0.02 | (− 0.03, 0.07) | 0.34 | 0.02 | (− 0.03, 0.07) | 0.38 |
| Legumes and soya | − 0.01 | (− 0.06, 0.04) | 0.63 | − 0.02 | (− 0.06, 0.03) | 0.50 | 0.00 | (− 0.05, 0.05) | 0.97 | 0.00 | (− 0.05, 0.05) | 0.97 | 0.03 | (− 0.02, 0.08) | 0.18 | 0.03 | (− 0.02, 0.08) | 0.20 |
| High fat dairya | 0.02 | (− 0.03, 0.06) | 0.51 | 0.01 | (− 0.04, 0.06) | 0.65 | 0.02 | (− 0.02, 0.07) | 0.31 | 0.02 | (− 0.03, 0.07) | 0.41 | 0.00 | (− 0.04, 0.05) | 0.86 | 0.00 | (− 0.04, 0.05) | 0.90 |
| Poultrya | 0.03 | (− 0.01, 0.08) | 0.17 | 0.04 | (− 0.01, 0.08) | 0.14 | 0.01 | (− 0.04, 0.06) | 0.68 | 0.01 | (− 0.04, 0.06) | 0.66 | 0.01 | (− 0.04, 0.06) | 0.72 | 0.01 | (− 0.04, 0.06) | 0.66 |
| Heavy drinkera | − 0.01 | (− 0.06, 0.03) | 0.54 | − 0.02 | (− 0.07, 0.03) | 0.43 | 0.01 | (− 0.04, 0.06) | 0.68 | 0.00 | (− 0.04, 0.05) | 0.87 | 0.00 | (− 0.05, 0.05) | 0.99 | 0.00 | (− 0.05, 0.05) | 0.92 |
| Non-Drinkera | 0.09 | (0.04, 0.14) | < 0.01 | 0.09 | (0.05, 0.14) | < 0.01 | 0.08 | (0.03, 0.13) | < 0.01 | 0.08 | (0.03, 0.13) | < 0.01 | 0.06 | (0.01, 0.11) | 0.03 | 0.06 | (0.01, 0.11) | 0.02 |
Model 1: age, sex, education (years)
Model 2: Model 1 + partner status, physical activity, smoking status
Bold: significant after correction for multiple testing
aIn the MDS these items are negatively scored, meaning that the direction of association is expected to be the opposite (b < 0) of the other food groups