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. 2020 Mar 5;11(3):172. doi: 10.1038/s41419-020-2359-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a, b BMP4 mRNA and protein levels in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) derived from NOD/ShiLtJ and ICR mice. c, d Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) levels in supernatant of BMMSCs and submandibular glands from NOD/ShiLtJ and ICR mice. e The saliva flow rate of WT mice BMMSCs-treated mice was significantly blocked with BMP4 inhibition. f, g H&E staining showed that the area of infiltrating in the submandibular glands of NOD/ShiLtJ mice following BMMSCs injection was significantly smaller than untreated NOD/Ltj mice, and this protective effect was significantly decreased with BMP4 inhibition. Yellow dotted and arrow showed area represent infiltrating area in the submandibular glands. h IFN-γ⁺ T cells in the submandibular glands from BMP4 BMMSCs injection inhibition were upregulated compared with BMMSCs injection group (n = 5, three independent experiments). Values are means ± SD. Student’s t tests and one-way ANOVA. *P ≤ 0.05; **P ≤ 0.01, scale bar: 200 μm.