Table 3.
Associations between (a) the type of nursing and (b) milk nutrients with performance in relational binding
| Relational binding (memory) | (a) Nursing | (b) Nutrients | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Unadjusted mean ± SD | Adjusted mean differences (95% CI)b, d | N | Unadjusted mean ± SD | Adjusted mean differences (95% CI)c, d | |||
| Breast + bottle or bottle only | At breast only | At breast only | Formula only | Breast milk + formula or breast milk only | Breast milk + formula or breast milk only | |||
| 6 months | ||||||||
| Lag 0 trials (Time binsa) | ||||||||
| 1000-ms Bin 1 | 34 | 0.31 ± 0.17 | 0.41 ± 0.21 | 0.13 (− 0.07, 0.33) | 90 | 0.36 ± 0.22 | 0.23 ± 0.14 | − 0.10 (− 0.23, 0.04) |
| 1000-ms Bin 2 | 31 | 0.28 ± 0.19 | 0.32 ± 0.21 | − 0.04 (− 0.20, 0.11) | 85 | 0.32 ± 0.26 | 0.28 ± 0.21 | − 0.02 (− 0.18, 0.13) |
| 1000-ms Bin 3 | 29 | 0.30 ± 0.36 | 0.27 ± 0.28 | − 0.08 (− 0.46, 0.31) | 78 | 0.30 ± 0.32 | 0.24 ± 0.23 | − 0.14 (− 0.35, 0.06) |
| Lag 2 trials (Time binsa) | ||||||||
| 1000-ms Bin 1 | 33 | 0.43 ± 0.29 | 0.42 ± 0.31 | − 0.07 (− 0.36, 0.21) | 85 | 0.36 ± 0.23 | 0.43 ± 0.17 | 0.07 (− 0.07, 0.22) |
| 1000-ms Bin 2 | 28 | 0.42 ± 0.17 | 0.40 ± 0.32 | 0.08 (− 0.19, 0.35) | 81 | 0.35 ± 0.24 | 0.36 ± 0.29 | 0.06 (− 0.11, 0.24) |
| 1000-ms Bin 3 | 24 | 0.29 ± 0.26 | 0.43 ± 0.30 | 0.41 (0.07, 0.74)e | 70 | 0.46 ± 0.34 | 0.40 ± 0.33 | 0.04 (− 0.21, 0.29) |
| 41 months | ||||||||
| Accuracy in food block | 57 | 3.13 ± 1.07 | 2.84 ± 0.85 | − 0.27 (− 0.86, 0.32) | 109 | 2.89 ± 1.18 | 3.00 ± 1.06 | 0.25 (− 0.41, 0.91) |
| Accuracy in face block | 57 | 2.35 ± 0.88 | 2.92 ± 1.09 | 0.67 (0.04, 1.29)e | 108 | 2.56 ± 1.09 | 2.63 ± 0.77 | 0.30 (− 0.29, 0.89) |
| Combined food and face accuracy | 58 | 5.41 ± 1.52 | 5.65 ± 1.44 | 0.45 (− 0.49, 1.39) | 109 | 5.42 ± 1.67 | 5.63 ± 1.41 | 0.59 (− 0.33, 1.51) |
| Inference memory accuracy | 56 | 1.23 ± 0.76 | 1.40 ± 0.91 | 0.29 (− 0.25, 0.84) | 106 | 1.61 ± 0.87 | 1.25 ± 0.68 | − 0.15 (− 0.64, 0.34) |
| 54 months | ||||||||
| Lag 0 trials | ||||||||
| Accuracy | 52 | 0.55 ± 0.29 | 0.67 ± 0.31 | − 0.03 (− 0.26, 0.20) | 115 | 0.55 ± 0.31 | 0.59 ± 0.26 | 0.02 (− 0.14, 0.19) |
| % Looking to correct match | 52 | 0.37 ± 0.17 | 0.40 ± 0.16 | − 0.09 (− 0.23, 0.04) | 114 | 0.43 ± 0.21 | 0.45 ± 0.17 | 0.01 (− 0.11, 0.11) |
| Lag 2 trials | ||||||||
| Accuracy | 52 | 0.41 ± 0.22 | 0.49 ± 0.32 | 0.08 (− 0.15, 0.32) | 115 | 0.41 ± 0.27 | 0.53 ± 0.26 | 0.13 (− 0.02, 0.28) |
| % Looking to correct match | 52 | 0.36 ± 0.15 | 0.39 ± 0.09 | 0.12 (0.01, 0.22)e | 113 | 0.34 ± 0.13 | 0.42 ± 0.12 | 0.06 (− 0.01, 0.13) |
aTime bins are defined in 1000-ms blocks after the pictures appear on the screen
bValues are adjusted mean differences (95% CI) from the reference group (Breast + bottle or bottle only)
cValues are adjusted mean differences (95% CI) from the reference group (Formula only)
dValues are adjusted for ethnicity (Chinese, Malay and Indian), maternal education (non-tertiary and tertiary), birth weight category (SGA, AGA, and LGA), 26-week STAI-state scores (continuous), child’s sex, and age during assessment (continuous)
eValues are P < 0.05 compared to the reference group