Table 2.
The list of Myddfai I plants and their health indications (recipes 1–188).
| Latin name | English name | Middle Welsh name (MM) | Recipe(s) | Indication |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achillea millefolium L. | milfoil | uilff th |
12, 16, 19, 121, 127, 132, 133, 136 | fever, kidney stones, vomiting blood, worms, epistaxis, vomiting |
| Agrimonia eupatoria L. | agrimony | trydon, try
|
11, 12, 19, 20 | pneumonia, fever, kidney stones, fertility |
| Agrostemma githago L. | corn cockle | tenteulys 1 uendigeit | 11 | pneumonia |
| Allium ampeloprasum L. | leek | gennyn, kenin | 100, 135 | dog bite, vomiting of blood, fertility, snake bite, ulcers, whooping cough, pneumonia, deafness, headache, bone healing, boils, increase strength, flatulency, worms |
| Allium sativum L, (var. ophioscorodon (Link) Döll) | garlic (and viper's garlic) | craf, garllec | 24, 56, 96, 97, 138 | wounds, prevent fatigue, swelling, pain, epistaxis, proud flesh |
| Allium ursinum L. | ramsons | craf y geiuyr | 53 | abdominal complaints |
| Anagallis arvensis L. | pimpernel | diwythyl | 15, 17, 20, 21, 53 | fever, abdominal complaints, fertility, menorrhagia |
| Apium graveolens L. | smallage (celery) | ysmalaes, apim |
116, 124, 128 | smallpox, calming, ague |
| Aquilegia vulgaris L. | columbine | columbina | 19, | kidney stones |
| Arctium minus Hill | small burdock | kynga man |
12, 21 | fever, menorrhagia |
| Aristolochia rotunda L. | round birthwort | hennllydan | 11, 12, 42, 43, 45, 51 | pneumonia, fever, toothache, inflammation, snake bite |
| Artemisia abrotanum L. | southernwood | brytn |
102, 124 | insanity, palsy |
| Artemisia absinthium L. | wormwood | wermot | 12, 13, 65, 120, 128 | fever, destroy fleas, general wellness, snake bite, ague |
| Artemisia dracunulus L. | taragon | dragrans | 126 | worms |
| Artemisia vulgaris L. | mugwort | gannwreid | 12, 15, 25, 38, 51, 56, 66, 110, 111, 112, 128, 144 | fever, worms, carbuncle, prevent fatigue, destroy flies, snake bite, difficult childbirth (ritual), ague |
| Asarum europaeum L. | asarabacca | alannon | 11 | pneumonia |
| Asplenium scolopendrium L. | hart's tongue | dauot yr hydd | 60, 78 | anaphrodisiac, general wellness |
| Avena sativa L. | oats | keirch | 13, 53 | poultice, dietary |
| Bellis perennis L. | daisy | hygat y dyd | 11, 12, 64, 102, 161 | pneumonia, fever, worts, insanity, tumor |
| Betula pendula Roth | birch | uedlyn |
19, 50 | kidney stones, impotency, |
| Borago officinalis L. | borage | glessyn | 15, 17, 19 | fever, abdominal complaints, kidney stones |
| Brassica oleracea L. | cabbage (red and green) | cal (coch) |
12, 99 | fever, nettle rash |
| Brassica rapa L. | turnips | eruin | 108, 117 | worms, surfeit? |
| Calluna vulgaris L. | heath | gruc | 11, 12, 116 | pneumonia, smallpox |
| Cannabis sativa L. | hemp | kywarch | 12 | fever |
| Capsella bursa-pastoris L. | shepherd's purse | phrs y bugeil |
166 | heartache |
| Carum carvi L. | caraway | garayt, karan, Iarderv |
11, 166 | pneumonia, heartache |
| Centaurea nigra L. | knapweed | benngalet | 12, 38, 45 | fever, carbuncle, snake bite |
| Centaurium erythraea L. | centaury | yscal crist, centarya
1
|
12, 114, 115 | fever, kidney pains, extreme thirst |
| Chelidonium majus L. | celandine | llyssey y wennol | 170 | eye problems |
| Chenopodium album L. | goosefoot | roec, dudren | 21, 166 | menorrhagia, heartache |
| Cirsium vulgare Savi | common thistle | ysgall | 122 | constipation |
| Conium maculata L. | hemlock | kygget | 11 | pneumonia |
| Conopodium majus Gouan | earthnut | bywi | 12, 15, 17 | fever, abdominal complaints |
| Coriandrum sativum L. | coriander | koliandrm |
128 | ague |
| Corylus avellana L. | hazel | coll | 186 | cleaning teeth |
| Crataegus monogyna Jacq | white thorn | yspydat | 36 | worms |
| Crocus sativus L. | saffron | saffyr | 57, 58, 146 | remove drunkenness, induce happiness |
| Datura stramonium L. | thorn apple (dorycnion) | vennwen | 42 | toothache |
| Digitalis purpurea L. | foxglove | ffiol y ffrud | 53, 74 | abdominal complaints, tumors |
| Empetrum nigrum L. | crake berry | grygyon | 11, 12 | pneumonia, fever |
| Eryngium maritimum L. | eringo | mor gelyn | 52 | toothache |
| Eupatorium cannabinum L. | hemp agrimony | vedun chwer
|
56, 78, 107 | prevent drunkenness, general wellness, cough |
| Ficus carica L. | figs | ffigys | 137 | poison |
| Filipendula ulmaria L. | meadow sweet | erchreid, uedlys
1
|
40 | pneumonia, fever, kidney stones, hemorrhage |
| Filix | fern | redyn | 98, 155 | burns, hemorrhoids |
| Foeniculum vulgare Mill | fennel | ffenigyl | 15, 79, 96, 100, 120, 123, 170 | fever, general wellness, swelling, pain, dog bite, snake bite, digestion, eye problems |
| Fragaria vesca L. | strawberry | syui | 10 | eye problems |
| Fraxinus excelsior L. | ash | onn | 31 | deafness |
| Fumaria officinalis L. | fumitory | mc y dayar |
13 | fever |
| Galium odoratum L. | woodruff | udrot | 11, 12, 79 | pneumonia |
| Galium verum L. | yellow bed straw | kylyon, keulon | 35, 162 | spider bite, swelling |
| Geranium robertanium L. | herb Robert | troet rud | 11 | pneumonia |
| Geum urbanum L. | avens | uab coll | 11, 12, 21, 41 | pneumonia, menorrhagia, hoarseness |
| Glechoma hederacea L. | ground ivy | ganwreid rydegac, eido y dayar, eidral
1
|
15, 19, 72, 100, 129, 145 | fever, kidney stones, eye problems, dog bite, ague |
| Hedera helix L. | ivy | eidorc |
29, 30, 98 | skin problems, toothache, burns |
| Helleborus foetidus L. | stinking hellebore | hylithyr | 17 | abdominal complaints |
| Hepatica | liverwort | redegac |
17, 19 | abdominal complaints, kidney stones |
| Hordeum vulgare L. | barley | heid | 33, 111, 163, 168 | plaster, dietary, worms, boils, |
| Huperzia selago L. | fir clubmoss | thary mynyd |
20 | fertility |
| Hypericum androsaemum L. | tutsan | greulys (uendigeit) 1 | 12 (English only), 15, 19, 95, 101 | fever, kidney stones, inflammation |
| Hypericum perforatum L. | St. John's wort | erinllis | 12, 19, 20, 38, 41 | fever, kidney stones, fertility, carbuncle, hoarseness |
| Juglans regia L. | walnut | coll ffrenghic | 36 | worms |
| Knautia arvensis L. | field scabious | bennlas | 12, 45 | fever, snake bite |
| Lactuca sp. | lettuce | gylaeth, letus |
80, 157 | general wellness, fertility |
| Lamium purpureum L. | red nettle | dyna coch | 12, 38, 51, 164 | fever, carbuncle, strangury |
| Laurus nobilis L. | bay | dodeit | 17, 19 | abdominal complaints, kidney stones |
| Legousia speculum-veneris Fisch | corn bell flower | drycheigyauc | 22 | quinsy |
| Lemna sp. | duckweed | linat | 94, 103 | abdominal complaints, constipation |
| Leonurus cardiaca L. | motherwort | vamyls | 19 | kidney stones |
| Lepidium latifolium L. | pepperwort | bybyrllys 1 | 12 | fever |
| Ligustrum vulgare L. | privet | rysswyd | 12 | fever |
| Lilium candidum L. | white lily | lilim gynn |
98, 118 | burns |
| Linum usitatissimum L. | linseed, flax | llin | 7, 19 | head wound, wounds |
| Lithospermum sp. | gromwel | grmyn |
19, 151 | kidney stones |
| Lonicera caprifolium L. | honeysuckle | gydwyd |
30 | toothache |
| Malus domestica Borkh. | apple | aualeu, aual | 14, 15, 55 | aprient, ritual |
| Malva sylvestris L. | mallows | hokys | 15, 17, 59, 143 | fever, hemorrhoids, abdominal complaints, general wellness |
| Matricaria sp. | chamomile | amrannwen | 39, 125 | wounds, reptiles in stomach |
| Melissa officinalis L. | lemon balm | genyn |
116 | smallpox |
| Melittis melissophylum L. | bastard balm | wenenllys uan | 12, 21 | fever, menorrhagia |
| Muscus | moss | misyc, unsyc | 15, 17 | fever, abdominal complaints |
| Myrica gale L. | sweet gale | vrine | 17 | abdominal complaints |
| Origanum dictamnus L. | dittany | ditaen | 126, 131, 160 | worms, poison, pain |
| Oxalis acetosella L. | wood sorrel | suryon y coet | 15, 34 | fever, headache, joint pain, |
| Papaver somniferum L. | poppy | pabi | 49 | sleep |
| Persicaria amphibia L. | amphibious persicaria | granwreid benngoch | 12, 15, 19, 20 | fever, kidney stones, fertility |
| Petroselinum crispum Mill. | parsley | persli | 164 | strangury |
| Pimpinella anisum L. | anise | ennyd | 11 | pneumonia |
| Piper nigrum L. | pepper (white and black) | pybyr | 82, 100, 128, 138, 151, 157 | general wellness, ague, proud flesh, kidney stones, fertility, bone healing |
| Plantago major L. | plantago major | erllyrat, plantaen | 110, 127, 128, 161, 162, 163, 166 | snake bite, worms, ague, tumor, swelling, boils, heartache |
| Potentilla reptans L. | creeping cinquefoil | ganwreid uelen | 20 | fertility |
| Primula vulgaris Huds. | primrose | briallu | 68 | loss of reason or speech |
| Prunella vulgaris L. | self-heal | wennelac, ueidyac |
38, 42 | carbuncle, toothache |
| Prunus persica L. | peach | persig | 108 | worms |
| Prunus spinosa L. | blackthorn | eiryn | 167 | dyspepsia |
| Quercus sp. | oak | derwhyden, keginderw | 29, 166 | skin problems, heartache |
| Ranunculus ficaria L. | lesser celandine | celidonia | 96, 170 | swelling, pain, eye problems |
| Raphanus sativus L. | radish | raphan, (r)hadigyl | 120, 156 | snake bite, dog bite |
| Rubia peregrina L. | little field madder | wreidrd lyt |
19 | kidney stones |
| Rubia tinctorum L. | madder | wreidrd |
11,12 | pneumonia, fever |
| Rumex conglomeratus Murray | sharp dock | turth, twrch | 11 | pneumonia |
| Rumex spp. | docken | tuaol | 26, 42 | abscess, toothache |
| Ruscus aculeatus L. | butcher's broom | iewydd, ieutat
1
|
12, 15 | fever |
| Ruta graveolens L. | rue | rut | 110, 111, 113, 120, 128, 137, 160 | snake bite, worms, swelling, pain, ague, poisoning, anaphrodisiac |
| Salix sp. | willow | helic | 165 | warts |
| Salvia officinalis L. | sage | saluia | 102, 138 | insanity, proud flesh |
| Salvia sclarea L. | clary clary | llygeit crist | 59 | anaphrodisiac |
| Sambucus ebulus L. | dwarf elder | gruelys war/uar |
12, 15 | fever |
| Sambucus nigra L. | elder | ysga
|
15, 16, 36, 67 | fever, hemorrhoids, worms, snake bite |
| Samolus valerandi L. | water pimpernel | glaerllys | 19 | kidney stones |
| Saxifraga granulata L. | saxifrage | saxifraga (tormaen) | 151 | kidney stones |
| Scandix pecten-veneris L. | shepherd's needle | greithic | 11, 24 | pneumonia, wounds |
| Scapania undulata L. | river startip | gynglenyd | 17, 106 | abdominal complaints, liver disease |
| Secale cereale L. | rye | ryc | 107, 138, 162 | cough |
| Sedum telephium L. | orpine | ganwein | 12, 20, 21 | fever, fertility, menorrhagia |
| Sinapis alba L. | mustard | mstart |
139 | expel cold humors, snake bites, toothache, menorrhagia, digestion, colic, hair loss, tympanitis, dimness of sight, skin problems, palsy |
| Solanum dulcamara L. | bittersweet nightshade | elinyac |
36 | worms |
| Solanum nigrum L. | black nightshade | morella | 163 | boils |
| Stachys officianlis L. | betony | dannac, danhogen |
5, 12, 19, 34, 42, 105, 121, 130 | head wound, fever, kidney stones, headache, joint pain, toothache, epistaxis, vomiting blood, vomiting |
| Symphytum officinale L. | comfrey | chwefyrdan, consolida maior | 26, 169 | abscess, bone healing |
| Taraxacum officinale L. | dandelion | deint ylle
|
13, 19, 23, 34 | fever, kidney stones, exfoliation of the skull, headache, joint pain |
| Taxus baccata L. | yew | ian |
20 | fertility |
| Tragopogon dubius Scop. | yellow goat's beard | greid yr erweint |
11, 12, 20 | pneumonia |
| Triticum spp. | wheat | genith |
13, 34, 61 | plaster, dietary |
| Urtica dioica L. | nettles | dynhaden | 132 | epistaxis |
| Valeriana officinalis L. | valerian | llysseu cadgan |
26 | abscess |
| Veronica officinalis L. | speedwell | ieudat |
17, 38 | abdominal complaints, carbuncle |
| Viola odorata L. | violet | violet, uiolet | 5, 7, 55, 149 | head wound, ritual |
1
Translation of plant names in recipes 11, 12, 15, 19 is corrupted.
- Tenteulys uendigeit (Agrostemma githago L.) could be a corruption of greulys fendigaid for tutsan (Hypericum androsaemum L.).
- Yscal crist (Centaurium erythraea L.) could also indicate St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.).
- Erchwreid/orchwreid (Filipendula ulmaria L.) (11,12,19) could be a corruption of olchwraidd (Sanicula europea L.) Uedlys (40) is correct.
- Ganwreid rydegac (Glechoma hederacea L.) (15) is actually creeping persicaria (Persicaria sp.); eidral (100) could indicate Hedera helix; eido y dayar is correct.
- Twrch (Hypericum androsaemum L) (12) is likely sharp dock (Rumex conglomeratus Murray).
- Bybyrllys (Lepidium latifolium L.) is an incorrect translation (12) to peppermint.
- Ieudat (Ruscus aculeatus L.) is actually speedwell (Veronica officinalis L.).