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. 2019 Dec 20;37(2):248–261. doi: 10.1089/neu.2018.6333

FIG. 4.

FIG. 4.

(A) Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression as a function of the number of blast-traumatic brain injury (TBI) injuries. Measurements were made from the rostral region (prefrontal cortex) of the brain. The GFAP/actin expression is shown for: sham n = 5, 35.8 ± 5.9; single TBI (1) n = 5, 29.0 ± 5.0; double TBI (2) n = 5, 46.2 ± 9.0; and triple TBI (3) n = 3, 112.0 ± 24.1, blast TBI. Significance was only observed comparing sham with 3 Blast TBI, p = 0.008. (B) Incidence of seizures in mice after sham (n = 7) was 0%, single TBI (1) was 0%, double TBI (2) was 33% (2/6), and triple TBI (3) was 50% (12/24 seizures). The % of mice with seizures is plotted. Data waere measured from n = 7 sham, 6 single blast, 6 2X blast, and 24 3X blast TBI. (C) The 3X blast TBI mice were measured for incidence of seizures after two (n = 24 mice), three (n = 19 mice), and four days (n = 14 mice) after blast TBI. Spontaneous seizures, >30, were detected after 30 days post-TBI (n = 6/13 mice had spontaneous seizure). (D) Examples of electroencephalography recordings from sham (D1) and blast TBI (D2–D4) treated mice. D2. Example of acute post-TBI multi-lobar seizure with ictal events detected on all electrodes. D3. Example of an acute post-TBI focal seizure. D4. Example of a spontaneous seizure >30 days post-TBI. RF, right frontal; RP, right parietal; MP, medial parietal. Seizure events are overlayed with a red line. A scale bar is located in panel D1. (E) Scatter plot of seizure duration (E1) and seizure number (E2) for mice with post-trauma seizures (2–4 days, n = 12 mice), and mice with post-trauma epilepsy (>30 days, n = 6 mice), for mice exposed to 3X blast trauma. Seizure number is the average number of acute post-trauma seizures per mouse (2–4 days), or the average number of spontaneous seizures per mouse (>30 days, and detected across 10 months). Horizontal line and error bars are mean ± standard error of the means. Average seizure duration was 73.7 ± 51.9 sec (2–4 days), 38.8 ± 3.9 sec (>30 days); average seizure number 15.2 ± 6.6 seizures (2–4 days), 2.2 ± 0.4 seizures (>30 days).