Table 2.
Population counts (n), proportions (%), and odds ratios of variables in the points-based scoring system for dry eye disease.
| Factors | Healthy, n (%) | Dry eye disease, n (%) | ORa (95% CI) | P value | |||||
| Sex/gender | |||||||||
|
|
Men | 16,277,579 (54.19) | 911,587 (25.90) | Reference | Reference | ||||
|
|
Women | 13,761,300 (45.81) | 2,607,754 (74.10) | 2.6 (1.8-3.6) | <.001 | ||||
| Perceived stress | |||||||||
|
|
None to a little | 21,872,165 (72.81) | 2,177,913 (61.88) | Reference | Reference | ||||
|
|
Much to extreme | 6,864,096 (22.85) | 1,202,940 (34.18) | 1.6 (1.2-2.0) | <.001 | ||||
| Eye surgery | |||||||||
|
|
None | 26,673,187 (88.80) | 2,701,904 (76.77) | Reference | Reference | ||||
|
|
Cataract | 1,185,785 (3.95) | 276,588 (7.86) | 1.8 (1.2-2.6) | .004 | ||||
|
|
Corneal refractive | 1,150,662 (3.83) | 339,857 (9.66) | 2.8 (1.7-4.6) | <.001 | ||||
|
|
Other | 1,029,243 (3.43) | 200,991 (5.71) | 1.6 (1.0-2.5) | .08 | ||||
| Rhinitis on inspection | |||||||||
|
|
No | 21,295,695 (70.89) | 2,180,596 (61.96) | Reference | Reference | ||||
|
|
Yes | 8,047,298 (26.79) | 1,243,634 (35.34) | 1.5 (1.2-2.0) | .001 | ||||
| Lipid-lowering medications | |||||||||
|
|
No | 27,360,794 (91.08) | 3,087,286 (87.72) | Reference | Reference | ||||
|
|
Yes | 1,315,445 (4.38) | 282,072 (8.01) | 1.5 (1.1- 2.0) | .02 | ||||
| Age (year) | |||||||||
|
|
<54 or ≥66 | 25,121,235 (83.63) | 2,757,338 (78.35) | Reference | Reference | ||||
|
|
54-66 | 4,917,644 (16.37) | 762,003 (21.65) | 1.4 (1.1-2.0) | .02 | ||||
| Current depression | |||||||||
|
|
No | 25,591,681 (85.20) | 2,616,142 (74.34) | Reference | Reference | ||||
|
|
Yes | 456,573 (1.52) | 153,162 (4.35) | 1.9 (1.1-3.3) | .02 | ||||
| Omega-3 intake (kcal/day) | |||||||||
|
|
<0.43% or >0.65% | 13,804,921 (45.96) | 1,812,313 (51.50) | Reference | Reference | ||||
|
|
0.43%-0.65% | 10,414,321 (34.67) | 857,985 (24.38) | 0.7 (0.5-1.0) | .04 | ||||
| Phosphorus intake (mg/day) | |||||||||
|
|
≥746 | 19,948,841 (66.41) | 1,940,991 (55.15) | Reference | Reference | ||||
|
|
<746 | 4,270,401 (14.22) | 729,307 (20.72) | 1.4 (1.0-2.0) | .09 | ||||
| Current smoker | |||||||||
|
|
No | 21,334,370 (71.02) | 2,950,840 (83.85) | Reference | Reference | ||||
|
|
Yes | 7,399,648 (24.63) | 430,013 (12.22) | 0.7 (0.5-1.1) | .14 | ||||
| Cholesterol intake (mg/day) | |||||||||
|
|
<240 | 12,037,627 (40.07) | 1,575,001 (44.75) | Reference | Reference | ||||
|
|
≥240 | 12,181,614 (40.55) | 1,095,296 (31.12) | 0.9 (0.7-1.2) | .57 | ||||
aOR: odds ratio.