Table 1.

Effects of mushroom polysaccharides on hyperglycemia and as adjuvant therapies for diabetic complications.

Latin name	Polysaccharide	Models	Dose and period	Diabetic and related Complications	Possible mechanisms	Year/References
Auricularia auricula	AAP; crude polysaccharide	Intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg STZ in male SD rats for 3 days	100 and 400 mg/kg for 4 weeks	Antidiabetic and antinephritic effects	Modulation of the antioxidative system and NF-κB-related signaling	2017 (Hu et al., 2017)
Flammulina velutipes	Ac-RPS, Al-RPS and En-RPS; monosaccharide composition analysis	Three successive intraperitoneal injections of 80 mg/kg STZ in male Kunming mice	200, 400 and 800 mg/kg for 15 days	Antioxidant abilities and protective effects against kidney damage	Serum CRE, BUN, ALB, GLU and renal MDA levels (↓); renal SOD, CAT and GSH-Px levels (↑); alleviation of kidney damage	2016 (Lin et al., 2016)
Pleurotus djamor	Ac-MZPS, Al-MZPS and En-MZPS; acidic-, alkalic- and enzymatic-extractable mycelium zinc polysaccharides	Intraperitoneal injection of 120 mg/kg STZ in Kunming mice for 5 days	200, 400 and 800 mg/kg for 2 weeks	Antioxidant abilities and protective effects against kidney and liver damage	SOD, GSH-Px and CAT levels (↑); MDA, ALT, AST, BUN, CRE, TC, LDL-C and HDL-C levels (↓); alleviation of liver and kidney injury	2015 (Zhang et al., 2015)
Trametes versicolor (L.:Fr.) Pilát (also known as Yunzhi)	TVP LH-1ePSP; monosaccharide composition analysis	Injection of 65 mg/kg STZ via the tail vein in male Wistar rats for 5 days	100 mg/kg for 28 days	Beneficial effects on bone microarchitecture and bone quality in a DM-induced bone-loss model	Protection of bone properties in part through improvement of hyperglycemic control	2015 (Chen et al., 2015)
Pleurotus tuber-regium	HP, MP and LP; extracellular polysaccharides	Intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg STZ along with 30 mg/kg nicotinamide every other day for 6 weeks	20 mg/kg for 8 weeks	Attenuation of obesity/diabetes-induced adverse effects through the maintenance of stable fatty acid composition and reversal of obesity and hyperlipidemia	Support of upegulated hepatic PPAR-α mRNA and protein levels and antihyperglycemic properties	2014 (Huang et al., 2014)
Ganoderma lucidum	G1-PS; crude polysaccharide	Single injection of 65 mg/kg STZ in SD rats	20 mg/kg for 8 weeks	Hypoglycemic effect	Prevention of apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells and enhancement of β-cell regeneration	2012 (Zheng et al., 2012)
	G1-PS; crude polysaccharide	Intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg STZ in male C57BL/6 mice for 5 days	10 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg	Rescue of delayed wound healing and improvement of wound angiogenesis	Suppression of cutaneous MnSOD nitration, p66Shc and mitochondrial oxidative stress	2012 (Tie et al., 2012)
	GLP-1 and GLP-II; polysaccharide purity: 74.03% and 75.61%	Intraperitoneal Injection of 30 mg/kg STZ in SD rats for 3 days	200, 400 and 800 mg/kg for 16 weeks	Diabetic myocardial fibrosis	Attenuation of myocardial collagen crosslinking related to the decreased level of AGE and augmented activities of antioxidant enzymes	2011 (Meng et al., 2011)
	GL-PS; crude polysaccharide	Intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg STZ in C57BL/6J mice for 2 days	125 and 250 mg/kg for 8 weeks	Improvement of diabetic renal complications	Amelioration of metabolic disorders, oxidative stress and renal dysfunction associated with renal lesions	2006 (He et al., 2006)
	GLPS; crude polysaccharide	Intraperitoneal injection of 35 mg/kg STZ in SD mice for 3 days	200, 400 and 800 mg/kg for 8 weeks	Diabetic myocardial fibrosis	Regulation of oxidative stress and reductions in the levels of AGEs and myocardial fibrosis	2011 (Li, 2011)
		Intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg STZ in SD mice for a week	300 and 600 mg/kg for 12 weeks	Diabetic myocardial fibrosis	Strengthening of antioxidant enzyme activities and downregulated of myocardial CTGF	2014 (Qiao et al., 2014)
Phallus impudicus	PIP; Mycelium polysaccharide	Full-thickness skin flap excision model in Wistar rats	Ointment containing 10% Phallus impudicus polysaccharides	Wound healing properties	Enhancement of healing with regards to epithelialization, contraction and growth of granulation tissue	2019 (Vyacheslav et al., 2019)
Tremella aurantialba	TMP; crude polysaccharide	Intraperitoneal injection of 180 mg/kg alloxan in Wistar rats for 5 days	100 mg/kg for 28 days	Abnormal lipid metabolism and elevated oxidative stress	Regulation of lipid metabolism and decreased oxidative stress	2009 (Zhang et al., 2009)