Fig. 2.

Illustration of a formative latent-variable model of anger. Anger is a latent (i.e., unobserved) variable that is caused by multiple emotion components. γi denotes the effects of the emotion components on anger; λi denotes the effects of anger on the external variables necessary to identify the model; and ζ1 denotes variance unexplained by the emotion components in anger (i.e., residual).