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. 2020 Mar 6;14:6. doi: 10.1186/s13036-020-0231-y

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© The Author(s). 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Characterization of heparinized chitosan (Hep-MeGC). a Chemical reaction to prepare Hep-MeGC from MeGC and heparin via EDC reaction, and visible-light induced hydrogel fabrication with riboflavin as a photoiniator. b¹H NMR spectra of MeGC and Hep-MeGC (400 MHz, D₂O) to verify heparin conjugation. c FTIR spectra of MeGC and Hep-MeGC to confirm heparin conjugation. d Toluidine blue staining images for 3 weeks to confirm stable incorporation and homogenous distribution of conjugated heparin in hydrogels. e Osteogenic efficacy of Hep-MeGC with encapsulated BMSCs. ALP staining and activity at day 4. Alizarin red S staining and relative mineralization at day 14. Immunostaining of BMP-2 in hydrogels encapsulated with BMSCs to demonstrate the sequestering ability of hydrogel. Scale bar is 200 μm. ***p < 0.001