Table 2.
Association between pesticide (ever/never use) and aggressive PCa for those pesticides first reported at the Phase 1 take-home (TH) questionnaire in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS)
| Common name | Phase 1 take-home questionnaire only (n = 20,923) |
Phase 1 take-home questionnaire including follow-up (Phase 2/Phase 3 questionnaire) exposure informationb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-case | Aggressive PCa | HRa (95% CI) | Non-case | Aggressive PCa | HRa (95% CI) | |
| Herbicide | ||||||
| Acifluorfen | ||||||
| Never use | 16,626 | 744 | 1 | 13,371 | 621 | 1 |
| Ever use | 3414 | 139 | 1.08 (0.90, 1.30) | 3642 | 146 | 1.06 (0.89, 1.27) |
| Bromoxynil | ||||||
| Never use | 14,609 | 628 | 1 | 11,557 | 523 | 1 |
| Ever use | 5431 | 255 | 1.17 (0.99, 1.37) | 5758 | 266 | 1.14 (0.96, 1.34) |
| Clomazone | ||||||
| Never use | 16,850 | 756 | 1 | 13,471 | 632 | 1 |
| Ever use | 3190 | 127 | 0.96 (0.79, 1.17) | 3462 | 132 | 0.94 (0.78, 1.14) |
| Fluazifop-butyl | ||||||
| Never use | 16,682 | 750 | 1 | 13,077 | 620 | 1 |
| Ever use | 3358 | 133 | 1.07 (0.89, 1.29) | 3909 | 149 | 1.01 (0.84, 1.21) |
| Imazaquin | ||||||
| Never use | 17,052 | 770 | 1 | 13,880 | 646 | 1 |
| Ever use | 2988 | 113 | 0.99 (0.81, 1.20) | 3101 | 116 | 0.99 (0.81, 1.20) |
| Linuron | ||||||
| Never use | 17,509 | 742 | 1 | 14,267 | 622 | 1 |
| Ever use | 2531 | 141 | 1.19 (0.99, 1.42) | 2548 | 143 | 1.19 (0.996, 1.43) |
| Sethoxydim | ||||||
| Never use | 14,404 | 647 | 1 | 11,486 | 546 | 1 |
| Ever use | 5636 | 236 | 1.12 (0.96, 1.30) | 5835 | 239 | 1.07 (0.91, 1.24) |
| Simazine | ||||||
| Never use | 18,454 | 803 | 1 | 14,922 | 671 | 1 |
| Ever use | 1586 | 80 | 1.19 (0.94, 1.51) | 1724 | 86 | 1.17 (0.93, 1.48) |
| Sodium bentazon | ||||||
| Never use | 12,911 | 573 | 1 | 10,250 | 476 | 1 |
| Ever use | 7129 | 310 | 1.08 (0.93, 1.25) | 7332 | 317 | 1.06 (0.91, 1.23) |
| Thifensulfuron-methyl | ||||||
| Never use | 18,108 | 821 | 1 | 14,355 | 668 | 1 |
| Ever use | 1932 | 62 | 0.91 (0.70, 1.18) | 2389 | 83 | 1.00 (0.79, 1.26) |
| Insecticide | ||||||
| Acephate | ||||||
| Never use | 18,069 | 811 | 1 | 14,377 | 671 | 1 |
| Ever use | 1971 | 72 | 1.06 (0.82, 1.39) | 2427 | 85 | 1.00 (0.77, 1.29) |
| Bacillus thuringiensis | ||||||
| Never use | 18,256 | 813 | 1 | 14,855 | 689 | 1 |
| Ever use | 1784 | 70 | 1.00 (0.77, 1.29) | 1904 | 71 | 0.93 (0.72, 1.20) |
| Chloropicrin | ||||||
| Never use | 19,644 | 865 | 1 | 15,944 | 730 | 1 |
| Ever use | 396 | 18 | 1.48 (0.92, 2.38) | 566 | 20 | 1.21 (0.77, 1.91) |
| Disulfoton | ||||||
| Never use | 18,332 | 815 | 1 | 14,927 | 684 | 1 |
| Ever use | 1708 | 68 | 0.96 (0.74, 1.26) | 1807 | 72 | 0.96 (0.74, 1.25) |
| Dimethoate | ||||||
| Never use | 19,262 | 829 | 1 | 15,673 | 695 | 1 |
| Ever use | 778 | 54 | 1.37 (1.04, 1.80) | 870 | 55 | 1.29 (0.98, 1.70) |
| Endosulfan | ||||||
| Never use | 19,407 | 860 | 1 | 15,777 | 722 | 1 |
| Ever use | 633 | 23 | 0.85 (0.56, 1.30) | 750 | 25 | 0.78 (0.51, 1.17) |
| Methomyl | ||||||
| Never use | 18,532 | 827 | 1 | 15,133 | 698 | 1 |
| Ever use | 1508 | 56 | 1.05 (0.78, 1.40) | 1597 | 58 | 1.03 (0.77, 1.37) |
| Tefluthrin | ||||||
| Never use | 18,635 | 828 | 1 | 14,805 | 684 | 1 |
| Ever use | 1405 | 55 | 0.99 (0.75, 1.31) | 1855 | 71 | 0.98 (0.76, 1.25) |
| Nematicide | ||||||
| 1, 3-dichloropropene | ||||||
| Never use | 19,172 | 848 | 1 | 15,669 | 716 | 1 |
| Ever use | 868 | 35 | 1.14 (0.80, 1.62) | 944 | 37 | 1.11 (0.78, 1.57) |
| Other | ||||||
| Arsenical pesticidesc | ||||||
| Never use | 19,309 | 828 | 1 | – | – | – |
| Ever use | 731 | 55 | 1.17 (0.88, 1.55) | – | – | – |
aUsing age as the time metric and adjusted for state, birth year, family history of PCa, race, and smoking status
bNumbers add to less than total number of take-home responders (n = 20,923) due to missing responses for follow-up use information
cArsenical pesticides consist of lead arsenate (insecticide), organic arsenic (herbicide), and inorganic arsenic (herbicide); only reported use reported on take-home questionnaire