Table 3.
Average Derived Fuel-based Emission Factors Compared to Recent U.S. Field Studiesa
| Study | Year | Sampling Type | NOx (g/kg) | CO (g/kg) | BC (g/kg) | PN (1015/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heavy Duty Vehicles | ||||||
| BC-rich Feature (this work)b | 2012 | Moving in traffic | 14.8 [9.9–21.9] | 18.9 [8.0–35.3] | 0.40 [0.29–0.58] | 4.3 [2.9–6.2] |
| Bishop et al, 2015c,d | 2013 | Remote sensing across road | 20.7, 20.3 [19.1–22.3], [18.9–22.1] | 2.3, 5.1 [1.5–3.1], [4.7–5.5] | 0.02, 0.23 [0.014–0.026], [0.17–0.29] | -- |
| Preble et al, 2015e | 2013 | Fixed site near road | 15.4 [14.5–16.3] | -- | 0.28 [0.23–0.33] | 2.5 [2.0–3.0] |
| Hudda et al, 2013f | 2011 | Moving in traffic | 15,16 <9.2, 10> | -- | 0.41, 1.33 <0.21, 0.33> | 4.2, 5.2 <3.4, 3.1> |
| Liggio et al, 2012 | 2010 | Moving in traffic | -- | -- | 0.51 <3.1> | -- |
| Dallmann et al, 2012 | 2010 | Fixed site in tunnel | 28 [26.5–29.5] | -- | 0.54 [0.47–0.61] | -- |
| Bishop et al, 2012bc,d | 2010 | Remote sensing across road | 47.8, 29.2 [46.6–49.0], [27.6–30.8] | -- | -- | -- |
| Park et al, 2011 | 2007 | Vehicle chase | 34 | 36 | 0.5 | 4.5 |
| Johnson et al, 2009g | 2007 | Moving in traffic | 14.0 <5.5> | -- | -- | 3.2 <2.8> |
| Ban-Weiss et al, 2010h | 2006 | Fixed site in tunnel | -- | -- | -- | 3.3 [2.0–4.6] |
| Ban-Weiss et al, 2008 | 2006 | Fixed site in tunnel | 40.0 [37–43] | -- | 0.92 [0.85–0.99] | -- |
| Light Duty Vehicles | ||||||
| CO-rich Feature (this work)b | 2012 | Moving in traffic | 3.2 [2.8–3.6] | 22.4 [19.7–25.0] | 0.016 [0.011–0.021] | 0.19 [0.13–0.25] |
| Hudda et al, 2013 | 2011 | Moving in traffic | 3.8 <1.4> | -- | 0.07 <0.05> | 0.43 <0.26> |
| Kozawa et al, 2014j | 2009–2011 | Moving in traffic | 2.7, 4.0 <0.4, 0.3> | 24, 27 <1.6, 3.1> | 0.015, 0.067 <0.011, 0.031> | 0.28, 0.58 <0.31, 0.30> |
| Dallmann et al, 2013 | 2010 | Fixed site in tunnel | 1.90 [1.82–1.98] | 14.3 [13.6–15.0] | 0.010 [0.008–0.012] | -- |
| Bishop et al, 2012ad | 2010 | Remote sensing across road | 4.1 [3.9–4.3] | 19.4 [16.8–22.0] | -- | -- |
| Liggio et al, 2012 | 2010 | Moving in traffic | -- | -- | 0.12 <0.08> | -- |
| Bishop et al, 2010d,k | 2008 | Remote sensing across road | 4.0, 4.6, 5.9 [3.8–4.2], [4.4–4.8], [5.1–6.7] | 16.6, 20.0, 21,4 [14.6–18.6], [18.0–22.0], [20.4–22.4] | -- | -- |
| Park et al, 2011 | 2007 | Vehicle chase | 9.4 | 47 | 0.06 | 0.60 |
| Ban-Weiss et al, 2008 | 2006 | Fixed site in tunnel | 3.0 [2.8–3.2] | -- | 0.026 [0.022–0.030] | -- |
| Ban-Weiss et al, 2010h | 2006 | Fixed site in tunnel | -- | -- | -- | 0.39 [0.25–0.53] |
a
[ ] = 5th −95th % confidence limits, < > = reported standard deviation;
b
confidence limits estimated via blocked bootstrap (see section 3.3 for details);
c
values for separate measurements at the Port of Los Angeles and at a Northern California I-5 weigh station;
d
confidence limits based on reported standard error;
e
values for 2013 drayage trucks at the Port of Oakland;
f
separate values for (I-710), (other freeways);
g
values for 2006/2007;
h
for particle diameters > 3nm;
j
lowest and highest mean values and their corresponding standard deviations for multiple campaigns between Sept., 2009 and Sept., 2011;
k
values for San Jose, Fresno and West Los Angeles.