Table 7.
Association between any level of hearing loss and risk factors
| N (%) | Univariate | Multivariate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR^ (95% CI) | P value | aORb (95% CI) | P value | ||
| Age (continuous) | – | 1.12 (1.10, 1.14) | < 0.001 | 1.11 (1.09, 1.13) | < 0.001 |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 533 (39.6) | 1.0 (base) | – | 1.0 (base) | – |
| Female | 811 (60.3) | 0.73 (0.55, 0.97) | 0.029 | 0.68 (0.50, 0.93) | 0.016 |
| Highest education | |||||
| Less than primary | 347 (25.8) | 1.0 (base) | – | ||
| Primary | 701 (52.2) | 0.70 (0.48, 1.02) | 0.061 | – | – |
| Secondary | 270 (20.1) | 0.80 (0.50, 1.29) | 0.354 | – | – |
| Post-secondary | 26 (1.9) | 0.56 (0.14, 1.51) | 0.194 | – | – |
| Literacy | |||||
| Unable to read | 358 (26.6) | 1.0 (base) | – | 1.0 (base) | – |
| Able to read | 986 (73.4) | 0.71 (0.50, 0.99) | 0.045 | 0.71 (0.50, 0.99) | 0.048 |
| SEP quintile | |||||
| 1 - poorest | 304 (22.7) | 1.0 (base) | – | – | – |
| 2 | 366 (27.3) | 0.84 (0.54, 1.32) | 0.670 | – | – |
| 3 | 336 (25.0) | 0.92 (0.55, 1.53) | 0.742 | – | – |
| 4 - richest | 336 (25.0) | 0.77 (0.45, 1.31) | 0.321 | – | – |
| Noise exposure | 18 (1.3) | 1.05 (0.35, 3.13) | 0.924 | – | – |
| Hypertension | 387 (28.8) | 0.88 (0.63, 1.23) | 0.451 | – | – |
| Diabetes | 115 (8.6) | 0.92 (0.57, 1.46) | 0.707 | – | – |
| Cancer medication | 20 (1.5) | 2.68 (0.82, 8.72) | 0.099 | – | – |
| Trauma | 53 (3.9) | 1.05 (0.54, 2.06) | 0.880 | – | – |
| Smoking | |||||
| Not at all | 1097 (81.6) | 1.0 (base) | – | – | – |
| Some days | 41 (3.1) | 0.73 (0.25, 2.10) | 0.549 | – | – |
| Every day | 206 (15.3) | 1.33 (0.84, 2.10) | 0.217 | – | – |
| HIV | 0 (0.0) | – | – | – | – |
| Malaria | 76 (5.7) | 1.68 (1.04, 2.70) | 0.034 | 1.67 (1.08, 2.59) | 0.022 |
| TB | 11 (0.8) | 1.04 (0.31, 3.46) | 0.954 | – | – |
| Other infectious diseasea | 52 (3.8) | 1.13 (0.51, 2.49) | 0.762 | – | – |
SEP Socioeconomic position, TB Tuberculosis; ameningitis, chicken pox, pneumonia, herpes zoster, syphilis, mumps, measles, aOR Adjusted odds ratio; ^adjusted for age and sex; badjusting for all other variables in the model.