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. 2020 Feb 28;11:160. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00160

Figure 2.

Figure 2

(A) Conservation of amino acid residues in voltage sensor domains (VSDs) across taxa, highlighting the evolutionary conservation of polar or acidic residues in S1–S3 (putative countercharges), positively charged arginine or lysine residues in S4, and conserved aromatic residues. With permission from J. Gen. Physiol. and first author (Palovcak et al., 2014). (B) Homology model of hNaV1.4 domain IV VSD based on prokaryotic structural information [3RVY.pdb, (Payandeh et al., 2011)] showing locations of consensus S1–S3 countercharges in the extracellular negatively charged (ENC) and intracellular negatively charged (INC) regions. A conserved aromatic in S2 (yellow) is also shown as part of the gating charge transfer center (GCTC). (C) Top view of the VSD showing side chains of S1–S3 countercharges facing the S4 arginine guanidyl groups.