Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of Participants
| Total (n = 2227) | Without fracture (n = 1690) | With fracture (n = 537) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 61.2 ± 8.7 | 60.4 ± 8.7 | 63.7 ± 8.2 | <0.001 |
| Female | 1257 (56.4) | 927 (54.9%) | 330 (61.5%) | 0.008 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.4 ± 3.3 | 24.4 ± 3.2 | 24.3 ± 3.3 | 0.551 |
| Menarche, years | 16.1 ± 1.9 | 16.0 ± 1.8 | 16.4 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
| Menopause, years | 46.5 ± 10.7 | 46.0 ± 10.9 | 47.8 ± 10.0 | 0.203 |
| Ever smoker | 746 (33.6%) | 580 (34.4%) | 166 (31.0%) | 0.166 |
| Ever drinker | 349 (16.9%) | 266 (17.1%) | 83 (16.0%) | 0.603 |
| History of previous fracture | 206 (9.3%) | 120 (7.1%) | 86 (16.0%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 284 (12.8%) | 220 (13.0%) | 64 (12.0%) | 0.564 |
| Hypertension | 934 (1.8%) | 593 (35.2%) | 210 (39.3%) | 0.188 |
| Osteoporosis | 514 (23.1%) | 338 (20.0%) | 176 (32.9%) | <0.001 |
| Arthritis | 866 (39.8%) | 968 (58.4%) | 341 (66.0%) | 0.003 |
| Arthralgia, score | 1.6 ± 3.1 | 1.4 ± 2.1 | 2.1 ± 5.0 | 0.001 |
| K‐MMSE, score | 23.2 ± 6.2 | 23.6 ± 6.0 | 22.2 ± 6.5 | 0.001 |
| K‐GDS, score | 4.3 ± 4.0 | 4.0 ± 3.9 | 5.1 ± 4.2 | <0.001 |
| Hba1c, % | 5.9 ± 1.0 | 5.9 ± 1.0 | 5.8 ± 1.0 | 0.774 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.007 |
| ALT, mg/dL | 24.9 ± 16.6 | 25.0 ± 16.7 | 24.7 ± 16.3 | 0.652 |
| AST, mg/dL | 27.2 ± 13.3 | 27.1 ± 12.6 | 27.7 ± 15.1 | 0.348 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 1.8 ± 5.2 | 1.7 ± 5.0 | 1.9 ± 5.7 | 0.510 |
| Homocysteine, μmol/L | 12.1 ± 5.0 | 12.1 ± 5.1 | 12.2 ± 4.6 | 0.579 |
| TSH, μIU/mL | 1.7 ± 1.7 | 1.7 ± 1.8 | 1.6 ± 1.4 | 0.146 |
| HOMA‐β cell | 106.0 ± 82.6 | 105.4 ± 87.8 | 107.8 ± 63.6 | 0.496 |
| Lumbar BMD, g/cm2 | 1.007 ± 0.194 | 1.030 ± 0.184 | 0.956 ± 0.192 | <0.001 |
| Femur neck BMD, g/cm2 | 0.834 ± 0.146 | 0.858 ± 0.142 | 0.793 ± 0.139 | <0.001 |
| Total hip BMD, g/cm2 | 0.899 ± 0.154 | 0.924 ± 0.151 | 0.850 ± 0.148 | <0.001 |
| Lumbar TBS, score | 1.406 ± 0.112 | 1.392 ± 0.094 | 1.357 ± 0.097 | <0.001 |
| Follow‐up duration, years | 7.5 ± 1.6 | 7.7 ± 1.3 | 6.9 ± 2.3 | <0.001 |
| Mortality | 128 (5.7%) | 105 (6.2%) | 23 (4.3%) | 0.117 |
| FRAX (major, without BMD), % | 5.2 ± 3.1 | 4.9 ± 2.8 | 6.1 ± 3.6 | <0.001 |
| FRAX (hip, without BMD), % | 1.6 ± 1.6 | 1.4 ± 1.5 | 2.0 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
| FRAX (major, with BMD), % | 4.5 ± 2.9 | 4.2 ± 2.7 | 5.5 ± 3.4 | <0.001 |
| FRAX (hip, with BMD), % | 1.1 ± 1.7 | 0.9 ± 1.5 | 1.5 ± 2.0 | <0.001 |
| FRAX (major, with TBS), % | 4.4 ± 2.9 | 4.0 ± 2.6 | 5.5 ± 3.6 | <0.001 |
| FRAX (hip, with TBS), % | 0.9 ± 1.5 | 0.8 ± 1.2 | 1.5 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD, or median [interquartile range], and categorical variables as numbers (percentages). Comparisons between groups were analyzed by performing Student's t test, whereas a χ2 test was used for categorical variables.
ALT = alanine aminotransferase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; CRP = C‐reactive protein; FRAX = fracture risk assessment tool; HOMA‐β = homeostasis model assessment of β‐cell function; K‐GDS = Korean geriatric depression score tool; K‐MMSE = Korean mini‐mental status examination; TBS = trabecular bone score; TSH = thyroid‐stimulating hormone (thyrotropin).