Table 1.

Epigenetic Changes in Animal Models of Anxiety Disorders

Tissue	Epigenetic Change	References
Rat developing hippocampus, amygdala	DNA methylation changes	[23]
Rat basolateral amygdala	Hypermethylation in GAD1 gene	[24]
Mouse basolateral amygdal	Hypermethylation of GAD1 gene	[25]
Rat hippocampus	Hypermethylation of Nr3c1 gene	[26]
Rat amygdala	Hypermethylation of developing brain	[27]
Rat amygdala	BDNF gene hypermethylation	[28]
Rat amygdala	Aberrant HDAC2-mediated histone modifications	[29]
Rat hippocampus	Differential histone acetylation and methylation	[30]
Rat hippocampus	H3 histone acetylation; modulation of methyl-CpG-binding	[31]
Mouse cerebral cortex	Down-regulation of HDAC2 associated with BDNF gene	[32]
Rat hippocampus	Reduces H3K14 acetylation due to prenatal dexamethasone	[33]
Rat hippocampus	Decreases H3K9 and H4K12 acetylation due to social isolation	[34]
Rat PFC	Reduces H3/H4 acetylation after extinction training	[35]
Rat nucleus accumbens	Inhibition of G9a/GLP HMT	[36]
Mouse medulla oblongata	Histone modifications of genes affecting neurodevelopment and emotionality	[37]
Mouse hippocampus and amygdala	Dysregulation of miR-132/212	[38]
Rat amygdala	Over-expression of miR-101a and its target Ezh2	[39]
Rat PFC and hippocampus	Changes in miRNA-135a and miRNA-16	[40]
Rat amygdala and PFC	Microbial regulation of miRNA expression	[41]
Mouse PFC	lncRNA Gomafu associated with anxiety	[42]

Abbreviations: BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GAD1, glutamic acid decarboxylase1; HDACi, histone deacetylase inhibitor; HMT, histone methyltransferase; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; miRNA, microRNA; PFC, prefrontal cortex.