Table 2.

Epigenetic Changes in Human Peripheral Cells in Anxiety Disorders

Tissue	Epigenetic Change	References
Whole blood	183 differentially methylated loci	[46]
Blood cells	GAD1 gene hypomethylation	[47]
Buccal cells	Hypomethylation of SERT gene	[48]
Whole blood	MAOA gene hypomethylation	[49]
Whole blood	Several CpG sites hypomethylated	[50]
Saliva cells	Hypomethylation of MAOA gene	[51]
Whole blood	Hypomethylation of oxytocin receptor gene	[52]
Saliva	Hypermethylation in AA genotype of OXTR rs53576	[53]
PBMCs	Global DNA hypermethylation	[54]
Leukocytes	Glucocorticod receptor gene hypermethylation	[55]
Whole blood	Hypermethylation of FOXP3 promoter	[56]
Whole blood	Hypermethylation of HECA gene in females	[57]
Saliva cells	Neurodevelopmental pathway gene hypermethylation	[58]
Whole blood	Hypermethylation of STK32B promoter	[59]
Peripheral venous blood	Hypermethylation of BDNF gene	[60]
Peripheral blood	Hypermethylation of NR3C1 gene	[61]
Saliva	Hypermethylation of NR3C1 gene	[62]
Peripheral blood	Hypermethylation of FKBP5 gene	[63]
Saliva	Hypermethylation of BDNF and oxytocin receptor genes	[64]
Whole blood	hsa-miR-579-3P upregulates fear and anxiety	[65]
PBMCs	Increases miR-663 expression	[66]
Sperm	Reduces levels of miRNAs 449 and 34	[67]
Peripheral blood	Moderating effect of miRNAs on workplace bullying	[68]

Abbreviations: GAD1, glutamic acid decarboxylase1; miRNA, microRNA; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells.