TABLE 3.
Psychiatric and Medical Co-Occurring Conditions in ASD Participants
| Variable | Total Sample | Community Dx and Positive ADOS: ASD | Community Dx or Positive ADOS: ASD-Inclusive | Neither Community Dx nor Positive ADOS: Non-ASD | P Valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants, n | 879 | 518 | 268 | 88 | |
| Neurodevelopmental, n (%) | |||||
| ADHD | 294 (33.4) | 146 (28.1) | 106 (40.0) | 42 (47.7) | <.001 |
| Intellectual disability | 170 (19.3) | 109 (21.0) | 49 (18.3) | 13 (14.7) | .431 |
| Any neurodevelopmental | 413 (47.0) | 228 (44.0) | 136 (50.7) | 49 (55.7) | .090 |
| Psychiatric, n (%) | |||||
| Eating disorder | 32 (3.6) | 21 (4.0) | 9 (3.4) | 2 (2.3) | .685 |
| Bipolar disorder | 44 (5.0) | 16 (2.9) | 20 (7.5) | 8 (9.1) | .005 |
| Depression | 133 (15.1) | 50 (10.0) | 61 (22.8) | 22 (25.0) | <.001 |
| Anxiety disorder | 309 (35.2) | 157 (30.0) | 116 (43.3) | 39 (44.3) | <.001 |
| OCD | 106 (12.1) | 56 (10.8) | 38 (14.2) | 12 (13.6) | .348 |
| ODD | 82 (9.3) | 33 (6.4) | 36 (13.4) | 14 (15.9) | <.001 |
| CD | 33 (3.8) | 14 (2.7) | 12 (4.5) | 7 (8.0) | .064 |
| Any psychiatric | 388 (44.1) | 197 (38.0) | 143 (53.4) | 48 (54.5) | <.001 |
| Neurological, n (%) | |||||
| Epilepsy | 40 (4.6) | 27 (5.2) | 10 (3.7) | 3 (3.4) | .551 |
| Seizures | 105 (11.9) | 69 (13.3) | 23 (8.6) | 12 (13.6) | .131 |
| Tics | 225 (25.6) | 132 (25.5) | 70 (26.1) | 25 (28.4) | .912 |
| Migraines | 112 (12.7) | 59 (11.4) | 33 (12.3) | 21 (23.9) | .004 |
| General medical, n (%) | |||||
| Vision or hearing problems | 426 (48.5) | 230 (44.4) | 144 (53.7) | 54 (61.4) | .001 |
| Skin problems | 285 (32.4) | 175 (33.8) | 81 (30.2) | 29 (32.9) | .631 |
| Sleep problems | 455 (51.8) | 264 (51.0) | 143 (53.4) | 49 (55.7) | .579 |
| GI problems | 459 (52.2) | 200 (38.6) | 110 (41.0) | 41 (46.6) | .302 |
| Feeding problems | 234 (26.6) | 152 (29.3) | 63 (23.5) | 19 (21.6) | .110 |
| Allergies | 445 (50.6) | 259 (50.0) | 138 (51.5) | 49 (55.7) | .554 |
| Any general medical | 794 (90.3) | 473 (91.3) | 242 (90.3) | 82 (93.1) | .705 |
| Other behavioral, n (%) | |||||
| Self-injury | 80 (9.1) | 35 (6.8) | 37 (13.8) | 8 (9.0) | .001 |
| Sensory processing problems | 205 (23.3) | 131 (25.3) | 61 (22.8) | 13 (14.8) | .056 |
| Any other behavioral | 250 (28.4) | 146 (28.2) | 87 (32.5) | 17 (19.3) | .016 |
| Medicationsb n (%) | |||||
| Antidepressants | 223 (25.5) | 129 (24.9) | 74 (31.1) | 23 (26.1) | .599 |
| AEDs/Mood stabilizers | 69 (7.9) | 43 (8.3) | 23 (8.6) | 5 (5.7) | .681 |
| Antipsychotics | 135 (15.4) | 78 (15.1) | 53 (19.8) | 9 (10.2) | .041 |
| Stimulants | 168 (19.2) | 86 (16.6) | 61 (22.8) | 22 (25) | .035 |
| Alpha-2 agonists | 75 (8.6) | 42 (8.1) | 31 (11.6) | 3 (3.4) | .042 |
| Anxiolytics | 31 (3.5) | 22 (4.2) | 9 (3.4) | 1 (1.1) | .743 |
| Any psychiatric medication | 446 (51.0) | 254 (49.0) | 154 (57.8) | 44 (50) | .026 |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ADOS, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule; AEDs, antiepileptic drugs; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; CD, conduct disorder; Dx, diagnosis; GI, gastrointestinal; OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder; ODD, oppositional defiant disorder.
a
P values for overall tests are reported.
b
For this variable, n = 874.