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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: FASEB J. 2020 Jan 28;34(3):3485–3500. doi: 10.1096/fj.201902164R

Figure 1. The mechanisms of action of the UPL and NPL adjuvants.

Figure 1.

Ultrashort-pulsed laser (UPL) induces extracellular release of HSP70 and disarray of extracellular metrices activating Langerhans cell and facilitating migration of DCs, respectively. Non-pulsed laser (NPL) a near-infrared (NIR) range stimulates skin cells including keratinocytes and mast cells via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces the expression of a defined set of chemokines including CCL2 and CCL20 that ultimately induce CCL21 expression in the lymphatics and migrational changes of skin-resident migratory CD103+ and Lang−CD11b− DCs.