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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: FASEB J. 2020 Jan 28;34(3):3485–3500. doi: 10.1096/fj.201902164R

Table 3.

Combination approaches with the laser adjuvants.

Chemical adjuvant FDA approval Laser type Wavelength Distinct effect of combination References
MPL Used in a licensed vaccine as adjuvant UPL 532 nm Further augmentation of ab response to nicotine (25)
Imiquimod Treatment for anogenital warts, actinic keratosis, and superficial basal cell carcinomas (topical application) NPL 808 nm Synergistic suppressive effect on tumor growth (35, 37)
NAFL 1410 – 1540 nm Synergistic augmentation of humoral and T cell responses (49, 51)
NAFL 1410 nm Addition of imiquimod is necessary for the laser adjuvant to show the effect (52)
ATRA Acne treatment (topical application) NAFL 1410 nm Further augmentation of ab response to influence vaccine (54)
CpG-ODN No AFL 2940 nm Suppressing allergenic responses if AFL and the chemical adjuvant are combined (62, 77)
CpG-ODN + VD3 No AFL 2940 nm Increasing cytokine expression for TH1/Treg induction while suppressing TH2 response when combined with AFL (79)

AFL, ablative fractional laser; ATRA, all-trans retinoic acid; CpG-ODN, CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides; MPL, monophosphoryl lipid A; NAFL, non-ablative fractional laser; NPL, non-pulsed laser; UPL, ultra-short pulsed laser; VD3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.