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. 2020 Mar 6;10:4258. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-61157-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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AMP expression levels in the TmRelish-knockdown Tenebrio molitor larval fat body upon Escherichia coli (Ec), Staphylococcus aureus (Sa), and Candida albicans (Ca) infection. Healthy larvae (10^th–12^th instar) were injected with dsTmRelish and infected with a suspension of E. coli, S. aureus, or C. albicans on the third day, post-dsRNA injection. PBS-injected larvae were used as controls. After 24 h, the fat body tissue was dissected. Expression level of the AMP genes TmTenecin-1 (A), TmTenecin-2 (B), TmTenecin-3 (C), TmTenecin-4 (D), TmDefensin1 (E), TmDefensin2 (F), TmCecropin-2 (G), TmColeoptericin-1 (H), TmColeoptericin-2 (I), TmAttacin1a (J), TmAttacin-1b (K), TmAttacin-2 (L), TmThaumatin-like protein-1 (M), and TmThaumatin-like protein-2 (N) was measured using qRT-PCR and compared with the dsEGFP-treated groups. dsEGFP was used as a negative control and TmL27a as an internal control. The numbers above the bars indicate AMP expression levels. All experiments were repeated thrice, with similar results. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test (p < 0.05); ns: not significant.