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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Res. 2020 Jan 21;1732:146673. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146673

Figure 6. Intranasal delivery of IGF-1 significantly reduced spreading depression-induced activation in the trigeminal ganglion and trigeminocervical complex.

Figure 6.

Representative images show malondialdehyde immunostaining of the V1 area of the trigeminal ganglion after pretreatment with (A) IGF-1 or (B) vehicle which was followed a day later by 90 minutes of recurrent spreading depression. (C) Natural logarithm ratio levels of immunostaining after intranasal treatment (IGF-1/sham) showed that IGF-1 significantly (***p < 0.001) reduced malondialdehyde levels which reflects an 83% reduction versus comparison to no difference (ND) in ratios (i.e., Ln = 0). Scale bar = 25 μm. (D-F) IGF-1 pretreatment reduced immunostaining for CGRP. Representative images show CGRP immunostaining of the V1 area of the trigeminal ganglion after pre-treatment with (D) IGF-1 or (E) vehicle which was followed a day later by 90 minutes of recurrent spreading depression. (F) Natural log ratio levels of immunostaining after intranasal treatment (IGF-1/sham) show that IGF-1 significantly (***p < 0.001) reduced CGRP levels which reflects a 59% reduction versus comparison to no difference (ND) in ratios (i.e., Ln = 0). Scale bar = 25 μm. (G-H) IGF-1 pretreatment reduced immunostaining for c-fos. Representative images show c-fos immunostaining at −4.5 mm caudal to the obex within (red area of interest) laminae I and II of the trigeminocervical complex after pre-treatment with (G) IGF-1 or (H) succinate buffer which was followed a day later by 90 minutes of recurrent spreading depression. Scale bar = 200 μm. (I) Natural logarithm ratios (IGF-1/sham) show that nasal IGF-1 significantly (***p < 0.001) reduced c-fos positive cells which reflects a 45% reduction versus comparison to no difference (ND) in ratios (i.e., Ln = 0).