Table 1.
Preoperative and intraoperative variables of study patients (n = 106).
| Preoperative and intraoperative variables | Total patient sample (n = 106) | Pain trajectory | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (n = 26) | 2 (n = 29) | 3 (n = 26) | 4 (n = 25) | ||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, years | 15.4 (2.0) | 15.7 (2.0) | 15.5 (2.1) | 14.9 (1.6) | 15.4 (2.2) |
| Sex, n (%) | |||||
| Male | 25 (23.6) | 8 (30.8) | 7 (24.1) | 8 (30.8) | 2 (8.0) |
| Female | 81 (76.4) | 18 (69.2) | 22 (75.9) | 18 (69.2) | 23 (92.0) |
|
| |||||
| Largest cobb angle, ° | 56.8 (12.6) | 54.2 (14.3) | 55.0 (13.1) | 60.7 (11.5) | 57.6 (10.6) |
| Pain catastrophizing status | |||||
| Total PCS-c score | 22.9 (9.8) | ||||
| #Pain catastrophizers, n (%) | |||||
| No | 80 (75.5) | 24 (92.3) | 20 (69.0) | 21 (80.8) | 15 (60.0) |
| Yes | 26 (24.5) | 2 (7.7) | 9 (31.0) | 5 (19.2) | 10 (40.0) |
|
| |||||
| SRS-30 variables, n (%) | |||||
| #Pain in last 6 months | |||||
| None | 9 (8.5) | 4 (15.4) | 0 (0) | 2 (7.7) | 3 (12.0) |
| Mild | 34 (32.1) | 16 (61.5) | 8 (27.6) | 4 (15.4) | 6 (24.0) |
| Moderate to severe | 62 (58.5) | 6 (23.1) | 21 (72.4) | 19 (73.1) | 16 (64.0) |
| Pain in last 1 month | |||||
| None | 13 (12.3) | 7 (26.9) | 2 (6.9) | 2 (7.7) | 2 (8.0) |
| Mild | 29 (27.4) | 10 (38.5) | 6 (20.7) | 6 (23.1) | 7 (28.0) |
| Moderate to severe | 64 (60.4) | 9 (34.6) | 21 (72.4) | 18 (69.2) | 16 (64.0) |
| Back pain at rest | |||||
| No | 17 (16.0) | 5 (19.2) | 4 (13.8) | 6 (23.1) | 2 (8.0) |
| Yes | 89 (84.0) | 21 (80.8) | 25 (86.2) | 20 (77) | 23 (92.0) |
| Current level of activity | |||||
| Full activities without restriction | 45 (42.5) | 13 (50) | 13 (44.8) | 11 (42.3) | 8 (32.0) |
| Light-to-moderate activity | 45 (42.5) | 9 (34.6) | 11 (37.9) | 9 (34.6) | 16 (64.0) |
| No activity | 16 (15.1) | 4 (15.4) | 5 (17.2) | 6 (23.1) | 1 (4.0) |
| Missed school/work days due to back pain in last 3 months | |||||
| 0 | 75 (70.8) | 21 (80.8) | 22 (75.9) | 16 (61.5) | 16 (64.0) |
| 1–3 | 17 (16.0) | 3 (11.5) | 4 (13.8) | 4 (15.4) | 6 (25.0) |
| 4 or more | 13 (12.3) | 2 (7.7) | 3 (10.3) | 6 (23.1) | 2 (8.0) |
| #Medications for pain, n (%) | |||||
| None | 78 (73.6) | 24 (92.3) | 23 (79.3) | 15 (57.7) | 16 (64.0) |
| Yes | |||||
| Nonopioids | 22 (20.8) | 2 (7.7) | 4 (13.8) | 9 (34.6) | 7 (28.0) |
| Opioids | 6 (5.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (6.9) | 2 (7.7) | 2 (8.0) |
|
| |||||
| Anesthetic variables | |||||
| Remifentanil, mg/kg | 45.6 (22.9) | 37.0 (23.3) | 45.5 (21.2) | 51.7 (23.2) | 48.5 (22.4) |
| Sufentanil, mg/kg (n = 28) | 0.56 (0.52) | 0.26 (0.14) | 0.67 (0.65) | 0.45 (0.37) | 0.79 (0.65) |
| Fentanyl, mg/kg (n = 14) | 2.30 (0.55) | 2.7 (1.3) | 2.2 (0.45) | 2.5 (0.35) | 2.0 (0.38) |
| Dexamethasone, mg/kg | 0.11 (0.04) | 0.12 (0.03) | 0.10 (0.01) | 0.12 (0.04) | 0.12 (0.04) |
| Ketamine, mg/kg | 0.70 (0.57) | 0.70 (0.45) | 0.73 (0.52) | 0.74 (0.50) | 0.72 (0.81) |
| Spinal morphine, mg/kg | 5.40 (2.97) | 5.28 (2.77) | 5.96 (3.92) | 5.11 (1.62) | 5.19 (3.05) |
| Total intraoperative opioids (equivalents of morphine), mg/kg | 36.1 (17.0) | 29.5 (17.7) | 36.3 (15.8) | 40.7 (17.1) | 38.3 (16.6) |
|
| |||||
| Surgical variables | |||||
| Surgery length, minutes | 264.6 (76.4) | 254.7 (71.6) | 260.3 (75.8) | 277.3 (76.5) | 266.5 (84.1) |
| Blood loss, mL | 761.1 (441.2) | 769.5 (437.4) | 790.5 (509.1) | 721.7 (300.0) | 759.5 (503.3) |
| Number of fused vertebrae | 10.6 (2.6) | 10.2 (2.8) | 10.0 (2.9) | 11.5 (1.6) | 10.9 (2.5) |
Data are presented as mean (SD), unless otherwise specified. PCSc: Pain Catastrophizing Scalechild questionnaire, SRS-30: Scoliosis Research Society questionnaire: version 30. #Significant association observed between the variable and pain trajectory membership.