Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Cases and Controls
| Characteristics | P-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Cases (n = 400) | Control (n = 400) | ||
| Age at Screening, years (Mean ± SD) | 70.78(6.16) | 70.77(6.15) | 0.99 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 0.001 | ||
| <25 | 193(48.61) | 144(36.09) | |
| 25 – <30 | 127(31.99) | 150(37.59) | |
| ≥30 | 77(19.40) | 105(26.32) | |
| Race/Ethnicity | 1.00 | ||
| White | 379(94.99) | 380(95.00) | |
| Black | 10(2.51) | 10(2.50) | |
| Others | 10(2.51) | 10(2.50) | |
| Years of Education | 0.30 | ||
| None to some high school | 18(4.55) | 26(6.55) | |
| High school diploma/GED | 84(21.21) | 67(16.88) | |
| School after high school | 161(40.66) | 171(43.07) | |
| College degree or higher | 133(33.59) | 133(33.50) | |
| Living with Partner | 184(46.12) | 212(53.27) | 0.04 |
| Season of phlebotomy | 1.00 | ||
| Winter | 89(22.25) | 87(21.75) | |
| Spring | 103(25.75) | 104(26.00) | |
| Summer | 130(32.50) | 131(32.75) | |
| Fall | 78(19.50) | 78(19.50) | |
| Parity | 0.06 | ||
| Never pregnant | 65(16.54) | 37(9.34) | |
| Never had term pregnancy | 8(2.04) | 10(2.53) | |
| 1 | 41(10.43) | 32(8.08) | |
| 2 | 86(21.88) | 96(24.24) | |
| 3 | 81(20.61) | 100(25.25) | |
| 4 | 55(13.99) | 60(15.15) | |
| 5+ | 57(14.50) | 61(15.40) | |
| Smoking | <0.001 | ||
| Never | 214(54.31) | 215(54.29) | |
| Past | 144(36.55) | 171(43.18) | |
| Current | 36(9.14) | 10(2.53) | |
| Fall history in the past year | 0.16 | ||
| No falls | 237(60.61) | 260(66.84) | |
| 1 fall | 92(23.53) | 82(21.08) | |
| 2+ falls | 62(15.86) | 47(12.08) | |
| History of Fracture | 0.27 | ||
| Fracture when ≥ 55 years of age | 107(27.51) | 93(24.09) | |
| Fracture when <55 years of age | 44(11.31) | 42(10.88) | |
| No Fracture | 204(52.44) | 227(58.81) | |
| Fracture, unknown age | 34(8.74) | 24(6.22) | |
| Family History of Hip Fracture | 80(22.22) | 64(17.58) | 0.12 |
| Past Use of Menopausal Hormone Therapy | 0.80 | ||
| Never Used | 305(76.25) | 302(75.50) | |
| Past User | 95(23.75) | 98(24.50) | |
| Centers for the Epidemiologic Study of Depression short- form score ≥0.009 or antidepressant medication use | 119(29.75) | 95(23.75) | 0.06 |
| Frailty Index score* | 0.02 | ||
| 0 | 193(51.88) | 229(59.95) | |
| 1–2 | 115(30.91) | 112(29.32) | |
| ≥3 | 64(17.20) | 41(10.73) | |
| Self-reported health status | 0.18 | ||
| Excellent | 62(15.62) | 62(15.78) | |
| Very good | 132(33.25) | 158(40.20) | |
| Good | 142(35.77) | 131(33.33) | |
| Fair | 60(15.11) | 41(10.43) | |
| Poor | 1(0.25) | 1(0.25) | |
| Corticosteroid Use† | 16(4.00) | 4(1.00) | <0.01 |
| RAND 36-Item Health Survey (SF-36) score (Mean ± SD) | 70.99(19.25) | 72.89(17.89) | 0.15 |
| Dietary Calcium intake (mg/d) (Mean ± SD) | 792.5(454.3) | 841.4(455.2) | 0.14 |
| Dietary Vitamin-D intake (IU/d) (Mean ± SD) | 169.5(123.2) | 180.8(132.9) | 0.23 |
| Supplemental Calcium intake (mg/d) | 0.33 | ||
| Not a user | 187(46.75) | 177(44.25) | |
| Lowest tertile | 79(19.75) | 66(16.50) | |
| Middle tertile | 66(16.50) | 81(20.25) | |
| Highest tertile | 68(17.00) | 76(19.00) | |
| Supplemental Vitamin D intake (IU/d) | 0.94 | ||
| Not a user | 205(51.25) | 211(52.75) | |
| Lowest tertile | 30(7.50) | 26(6.50) | |
| Middle tertile | 126(31.50) | 125(31.25) | |
| Highest tertile | 39(9.75) | 38(9.50) | |
*
Please see text for details regarding frailty score.
†
Includes use of glucocorticoids, steroid combinations, mineralocorticoids