Fig. 5.

Effects of SS-hAFSC sEVs on angiogenesis in vitro. a Using a modified Boyden’s Chamber assay, HUVEC migration was assessed in response to vehicle (PBS), SS-hAFSC sEVs or 10% FBS (control). Migration is presented as mean staining intensity. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, one-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test. n = 5. Right panels—representative images (as indicated). Scale: 200 µm. b HUVEC proliferation was assessed using an MTT assay in the presence of vehicle (PBS) or SS-hAFSC sEVs. Proliferation is presented relative to a positive control of 10% FBS. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, one-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test. n = 7. c, d In vitro angiogenesis was assessed using an HUVEC tube formation assay in the absence of treatments (Control) or in the presence of VEGF (25 ng/ml), vehicle (PBS) or SS-hAFSC sEVs. Results are presented in c as number of tubes per field of analysis. ***p < 0.001, ns non-significant, one-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. n = 3. Representative images are shown in d. Scale: 200 µm