Table 1.
General Characteristics of study population
| Characteristic | Total (n = 1,932) | Smoking status |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never-smoker (n = 448) | Past smoker (n = 779) | p valuea | Current smoker (n = 705) | p valuea | ||
| Age, yr | 49.5 ± 9.6 | 48.4 ± 10.5 | 52.8 ± 8.3 | < 0.001 | 46.5 ± 9.2 | 0.002 |
| Weight, kg | 72.8 ± 10.2 | 72.0 ± 9.5 | 72.0 ± 9.8 | 0.977 | 74.1 ± 10.9 | 0.001 |
| Height, cm | 170.9 ± 6.0 | 170.7 ± 6.2 | 170.0 ± 5.9 | 0.060 | 171.9 ± 5.9 | 0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.9 ± 2.9 | 24.7 ± 2.8 | 24.9 ± 2.7 | 0.277 | 25.0 ± 3.1 | 0.055 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 124.4 ± 13.7 | 123.4 ± 13.1 | 125.8 ± 14.0 | 0.003 | 123.6 ± 13.6 | 0.862 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 80.3 ± 10.0 | 79.5 ± 9.5 | 81.0 ± 10.1 | 0.012 | 80.0 ± 10.1 | 0.449 |
| Fasting serum glucose, mg/dL | 94 (87–103) | 91 (85–100) | 96(89–105) | < 0.001 | 94 (86–102) | 0.006 |
| TC, mg/dL | 196.5 ± 33.6 | 194.9 ± 33.6 | 196.6 ± 34.0 | 0.375 | 197.4 ± 33.0 | 0.213 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 50.2 ± 12.2 | 50.6 ± 12.5 | 50.8 ± 12.4 | 0.798 | 49.3 ± 11.79 | 0.077 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 114.7 ± 31.3 | 116.4 ± 30.9 | 115.4 ± 31.1 | 0.614 | 112.8 ± 31.7 | 0.059 |
| TG, mg/dL | 133 (93–188) | 115 (84–168) | 130 (92–176) | 0.027 | 149 (103–210) | < 0.001 |
| Energy intake, kcal/day | 2,670.5 ± 925.7 | 2,504.9 ± 856.7 | 2,544.5 ± 817.4 | 0.422 | 2,915.1 ± 1,025.3 | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate intake, g/day | 417.2 ± 128.5 | 403.9 ± 119.5 | 405.6 ± 119.7 | 0.816 | 438.4 ± 140.3 | < 0.001 |
| Protein intake, g/day | 83.5 ± 37.2 | 80.6 ± 35.7 | 80.1 ± 32.8 | 0.787 | 89.2 ± 41.7 | < 0.001 |
| Fat intake, g/day | 50.4 ± 28.5 | 48.4 ± 27.8 | 46.8 ± 24.6 | 0.304 | 55.7 ± 31.9 | < 0.001 |
| Current alcohol intake | ||||||
| Non-drinker | 97 (5.0) | 29 (6.5) | 58 (7.5) | < 0.001 | 10 (1.4) | < 0.001 |
| Moderate drinker | 1,175 (60.8) | 332 (74.1) | 488 (62.6) | 355 (50.4) | ||
| High-risk drinker | 660 (34.2) | 87 (19.4) | 233 (29.9) | 340 (48.2) | ||
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Low | 773 (40.0) | 157 (35.0) | 292 (37.5) | 0.425 | 324 (46.0) | 0.001 |
| Moderate | 720 (37.3) | 186 (41.5) | 294 (37.7) | 240 (34.0) | ||
| High | 439 (22.7) | 105 (23.4) | 193 (24.8) | 141 (20.0) | ||
Values are presented as mean ± SD, median (interquartile range), or number (%).
TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.
a
A p values are calculated by independent t tests or chi-square tests, compared to non-smokers.