Comparison 1. Nasal vs oral intubation (all infants).

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Procedure failure	1	91	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	13.28 [0.77, 229.07]
2 Malposition on initial intubation	1	91	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.0 [0.64, 1.57]
3 Accidental extubation	1	91	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.67 [0.27, 1.62]
4 Tube blockage	1	86	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.83 [0.75, 4.51]
5 Post extubation atelectasis in babies extubated	2	160	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.85 [1.08, 3.18]
6 Re‐intubation in babies extubated	2	160	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.64 [0.75, 3.59]
7 Septicemia	1	86	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.0 [0.15, 6.78]
8 Clinical infection	1	91	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.10 [0.89, 4.91]
9 Nasal or palatal trauma	1	86	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.33 [0.32, 5.61]