Table 1.

The Biological Function of Sevoflurane in Cancer

Anesthetics	The Role of Anesthetics in Oncogenesis	Downstream Gene Regulated by Anesthetics	Function	References
Sevoflurane	Promotes oncogenesis	Induces HIF pathway	Promote glioma stem cells proliferation	[22]
		Upregulates CD44	Promotes glioblastoma cell migration and invasion	[24]
		Upregulates TGF-β and osteopontin	Induces RCC cells metastasis	[25]
	Suppresses oncogenesis	Downregulates p-Akt and Bcl-2	Inhibits neck squamous cell cancer cell proliferation	[27]
		Upregulates Fas/FasL	Induces HNSCC cells apoptosis	[27]
		Downregulates XIAP, survivin and upregulates caspase-3	Inhibits proliferation and induce apoptosis	[28]
		Upregulates miRNA-203	Inhibits breast cancer cells proliferation	[30]
		Downregulates MMP-2, MMP-9, fascin, and ezrin	Inhibits the invasion and migration of human lung cancer cells	[31]
		Downregulates MMP-2	Inhibits migration of glioma cells	[32]
		Downregulates HIF-1α	Inhibits hypoxia-induced growth and metastasis of lung cancer cells	[33]
		Upregulates miR-637 and downregulates Akt1	Suppresses glioma cells migration and invasion	[35]
		Upregulates miR-34a/ADAM10 axis	Suppresses the migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells	[36]
		Inhibits ERK signaling pathway	Suppresses colon cancer cells proliferation, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, induces apoptosis and autophagy	[7]
		Inhibits Ras and RhoA GTPase	Suppresses cervical cancer cells migration	[37]
		Inactivates PI3K/AKT pathway	Suppresses osteosarcoma cells metastasis	[38]

Abbreviations: TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta; RCC, renal cell carcinoma; p-Akt, phosphorylated AKT; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma-2; Fas, a cell surface receptor can activate apoptosis by binding to its ligand; XIAP, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein; ADAM10, a disintegrin and metalloprotease-10; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase.