Table 3.

The Biological Function of Desflurane in Cancer

Anesthetics	The Role of Anesthetics in Oncogenesis	Downstream Gene Regulated by Anesthetics	Function	References
Desflurane	Promotes oncogenesis	Upregulates VEGF-A, MMP-11, CXCR2 and TGF-β	Promotes ovarian cancer cell migration	[54]
	Suppresses oncogenesis	Downregulates MMP-9	Inhibits colorectal cancer cells migration and invasion	[55]

Abbreviations: VEGF-A, vascular endothelial growth factor-A; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; CXCR2, CXC chemokine receptor 2; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta.