Table 1.
Summary of self-assembled ELRs structures considered in this review and their applications.
| Morphology | Proposed applications | References |
|---|---|---|
| Nanoparticles | Drug and gene delivery | [67] |
| Encapsulation of small-molecule substrates | [102] | |
| Drug delivery, protein separation, biosensors, and tissue engineering | [104] | |
| Encapsulation, delivery, and release applications | [105] | |
| Drug targeting in clinical applications of hyperthermia | [106] | |
| Biomedical and industrial applications | [107] | |
| Advanced nanocarriers: targeted or intracellular gene or drug delivery | [108] | |
| Potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications: biodegradable multimeric platform for the delivery of payloads, including radiological, chemotherapeutic, or protein-based agents | [109] | |
| Drug delivery (tumor targeting) | [111] | |
| Nanovaccines | [184] | |
| Vaccine carriers | [185] | |
| Drug delivery | [112] | |
| Drugs, imaging agents, and targeting moieties into multifunctional nanomedicines | [113] | |
| In vivo targeted range of hyperthermia | [114] | |
| Hyperthermia targeted chemotherapy of a variety of solid tumors | [115] | |
| Thermal targeting | [119] | |
| Targeting approach for drug delivery in a wide range of cancer types | [120] | |
| Drug nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy | [121] | |
| Targeted drug delivery | [122] | |
| Switchable enzyme encapsulation | [123] | |
| Drug-loaded nanoparticles thermally targeted to solid tumors | [124] | |
| Lymphoma therapies | [125] | |
| Hepatic fibrosis | [126] | |
| Biomaterials for controlled drug delivery and biomedical engineering | [127] | |
| Delivery of protein therapeutics | [175] | |
| Fibers | Tissue engineering and models for cell studies or drug screening | [133] |
| Tissue engineering and drug-delivery systems | [141] | |
| Biomineralization assisted by boundary self-assembly | [142] | |
| Biomineralization | [172] | |
| Tissue engineering and wound healing | [193] | |
| Hydrogels | Drug delivery and tissue engineering. | [145] |
| Biomineralization | [170], [171] | |
| Robotics, microelectromechanical systems (bioinspired, muscle-like actuators), and tissue engineering | [190] | |
| Biomedicine and nanotechnology | [192] | |
| Smart systems for tissue engineering | [191] | |
| Biomedical devices | [102] | |
| In vivo applications with biomedical devices | [150] | |
| Scaffolds for biomedical uses, in particular, for regenerative medicine | [151] | |
| Tissue engineering (chondrocytic differentiation and cartilage matrix accumulation) | [205] | |
| Functional, biomimetic, artificial extracellular matrix, and cell niches | [154] | |
| Biosensors | [207] | |
| Tissue engineering applications | [159] | |
| Other structures | pDNA loading into hollow spheres | [160] |
| Drug vehicles for targeted therapy (tumor targeting) | [183] | |
| Tissue engineering (myoblast differentiation) | [204] | |
| Tissue engineering | [161], [164] | |
| Biomimetic coatings of biomaterials | [194] | |
| Polypeptide coatings | [195] | |
| Bone tissue engineering | [197] | |
| Protein purification | [208], [209], [210], [211], [212], [213], [214], [215] | |
| Drug delivery | [162], [163] | |
| Biosensors | [202] | |
| Intracellular delivery of therapeutic genes | [165] |