Table 1.

Literature review: previously reported treatments for male tuberous breasts.

Title	Authors	Published Year	No. patients	Age, y	Treatment Modalities	Follow-up	Remarks
The Tuberous	Hamilton et al.1	2003	2	15,15	Patient 1: Wise reduction pattern and free nipple grafts	N/A	Patient 1: mild hypertrophy of ‘inframammary’ scars. Patient 2: Uneventful recovery
Male Breast					Patient 2: Circumferential areola- reducing approach. De-epithelialization of excess areola. Liposuction at periphery of gland. Nipple vascularized on four dermal pedicles at 3-, 6-, 9- and 12- o'clock. Dermis and glandular tissue between pedicles removed.
Gynecomastia And Tuberous Breast: Assessment and Surgical Approach	Klinger et al.12	2009	6	N/A	Liposuction by tumescent technique, skin and gland excess excision and gland redraping	1 y	Liposuction using 2-mm blunt cannula, concentric circle around areola deepithelized; semicircular infra-areolar incision of dermis with superior dermal pedicle to the NAC; release of constricted base with cautery. Radial incisions of residual breast fibrous tissue
Tuberous Male Breast: Assessment and Esthetic Correction	Monteiro et al.4	2015	1	15	Liposuction by tumescent technique, skin and gland excess excision and gland redraping	6 m	Liposuction with 4-mm blunt cannula, incision at periareola, excess skin deepithelized, nipple on superomedial dermal pedicle; base released with electrocautery and radial incisions of the residual breast fibrous tissue beneath areola
Correction of Tuberous Nipple Areolar Complex in Gynecomastia	Godwin15	2018	2	13,13	Secondary correction of tuberous NACs after prior primary glandular reduction. De-epithelialization of upper pole of NAC, superiorly based dermoglandular nipple pedicle. Lower pole excision of skin and areola.	1 y	Radial scoring of undersurface of NAC if still tuberous