Table 3.
The Relative Risk (95% CIs) of Asthma Admissions with an Increase of 10 µg/M3 in PM2.5, NO, NO2 and SO2 According to Single Lag, Adjusted Unconstrained and Constrained DLM Modelsa
| Respondents | Pollutant | Lag | Lag Terms Model One at Time RR (95% CI) | Adjusted Unconstrained DLM RR (95% CI) | Adjusted Constrained DLM RR(95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | PM2.5 | 0 | 1.002 (1.000–1.004) | 1.000 (0.997–1.003) | 1.001 (0.998–1.003) |
| 1 | 1.000 (0.997–1.003) | 0.998 (0.995–1.002) | 1.002 (1.000–1.004) | ||
| 2 | 1.004 (1.002–1.006) | 1.004 (1.002–1.007)* | 1.002 (1.000–1.004) | ||
| 3 | 1.002 (0.999–1.004) | 1.003 (1.000–1.006) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| 4 | 1.000 (0.997–1.003) | 0.997 (0.994–1.001) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| 5 | 1.000 (0.997–1.003) | 0.999 (0.996–1.002) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| 6 | 1.002 (0.999–1.004) | 1.003 (1.000–1.006) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| 7 | 1.000 (0.997–1.003) | 0.998 (0.995–1.002) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| NO | 0 | 0.999 (0.998–1.001) | 0.984 (0.966–1.003) | 0.993 (0.975–1.010) | |
| 1 | 1.000 (0.999–1.002) | 1.025 (1.005–1.045)* | 1.000 (0.989–1.010) | ||
| 2 | 0.999 (0.997–1.001) | 0.973 (0.952–0.994) | 1.000 (0.989–1.010) | ||
| 3 | 1.001 (0.999–1.002) | 1.009 (0.989–1.030) | 1.003 (0.997–1.009) | ||
| 4 | 1.001 (1.000–1.003) | 1.016 (0.997–1.035) | 1.003 (0.997–1.009) | ||
| 5 | 1.000 (0.998–1.002) | 0.988 (0.968–1.008) | 1.003 (0.997–1.009) | ||
| 6 | 1.001 (0.999–1.002) | 1.014 (0.994–1.034) | 1.003 (0.997–1.009) | ||
| 7 | 1.000 (0.998–1.002) | 0.992 (0.974–1.010) | 1.003 (0.997–1.009) | ||
| NO2 | 0 | 0.994 (0.971–1.016) | 0.981 (0.953–1.009) | 0.995 (0.970–1.022) | |
| 1 | 1.000 (0.978–1.022) | 1.040 (1.008–1.074)* | 0.996 (0.981–1.011) | ||
| 2 | 0.975 (0.953–0.999) | 0.940 (0.908–0.973) | 0.996 (0.981–1.011) | ||
| 3 | 1.008 (0.987–1.030) | 1.033 (1.001–1.067)* | 1.000 (0.993–1.006) | ||
| 4 | 1.010 (0.988–1.031) | 1.025 (0.993–1.057) | 1.000 (0.993–1.006) | ||
| 5 | 0.981 (0.959–1.004) | 0.955 (0.923–0.988) | 1.000 (0.993–1.006) | ||
| 6 | 0.997 (0.975–1.019) | 1.008 (0.975–1.042) | 1.000 (0.993–1.006) | ||
| 7 | 1.002 (0.981–1.024) | 1.002 (0.976–1.030) | 1.000 (0.993–1.006) | ||
| Male | PM2.5 | 0 | 1.003 (1.000–1.006) | 1.002 (0.999–1.006) | 1.002 (0.999–1.006) |
| 1 | 1.001 (0.998–1.004) | 1.000 (0.996–1.004) | 1.002 (0.999–1.004) | ||
| 2 | 1.004 (1.001–1.006) | 1.004 (1.000–1.007) | 1.002 (0.999–1.004) | ||
| 3 | 1.002 (0.998–1.005) | 1.002 (0.998–1.006) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| 4 | 0.997 (0.993–1.002) | 0.993 (0.987–0.999) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| 5 | 1.002 (0.999–1.005) | 1.001 (0.997–1.006) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| 6 | 1.004 (1.001–1.007) | 1.004 (1.001–1.008)* | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| 7 | 1.000 (0.996–1.004) | 0.997 (0.992–1.002) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| NO2 | 0 | 1.010 (0.979–1.041) | 0.985 (0.947–1.024) | 1.000 (0.965–1.037) | |
| 1 | 1.024 (0.995–1.054) | 1.052 (1.007–1.099)* | 1.007 (0.987–1.028) | ||
| 2 | 0.998 (0.968–1.030) | 0.949 (0.904–0.996) | 1.007 (0.987–1.028) | ||
| 3 | 1.021 (0.992–1.051) | 1.045 (0.999–1.093) | 1.002 (0.993–1.011) | ||
| 4 | 1.013 (0.984–1.044) | 1.014 (0.968–1.062) | 1.002 (0.993–1.011) | ||
| 5 | 0.983 (0.952–1.016) | 0.960 (0.914–1.008) | 1.002 (0.993–1.011) | ||
| 6 | 1.005 (0.974–1.036) | 1.018 (0.970–1.068) | 1.002 (0.993–1.011) | ||
| 7 | 1.004 (0.973–1.036) | 0.998 (0.959–1.039) | 1.002 (0.993–1.011) | ||
| Female | PM2.5 | 0 | 1.000 (0.996–1.004) | 0.997 (0.993–1.002) | 0.998 (0.994–1.002) |
| 1 | 0.996 (0.991–1.002) | 0.994 (0.988–1.000) | 1.002 (1.000–1.005) | ||
| 2 | 1.004 (1.001–1.006) | 1.006 (1.002–1.010)* | 1.002 (1.000–1.005) | ||
| 3 | 1.002 (0.999–1.005) | 1.004 (0.999–1.008) | 1.000 (0.998–1.001) | ||
| 4 | 1.002 (0.998–1.005) | 1.002 (0.998–1.007) | 1.000 (0.998–1.001) | ||
| 5 | 0.994 (0.988–1.000) | 0.993 (0.986–1.000) | 1.000 (0.998–1.001) | ||
| 6 | 0.998 (0.993–1.003) | 0.999 (0.993–1.004) | 1.000 (0.998–1.001) | ||
| 7 | 1.001 (0.997–1.004) | 1.000 (0.996–1.005) | 1.000 (0.998–1.001) | ||
| NO | 0 | 0.998 (0.996–1.001) | 0.969 (0.944–0.994) | 0.983 (0.960–1.007) | |
| 1 | 1.000 (0.998–1.002) | 1.041 (1.016–1.067)* | 0.999 (0.986–1.013) | ||
| 2 | 0.998 (0.995–1.000) | 0.954 (0.927–0.982) | 0.999 (0.986–1.013) | ||
| 3 | 1.001 (0.999–1.003) | 1.020 (0.994–1.046) | 1.003 (0.996–1.010) | ||
| 4 | 1.001 (0.999–1.003) | 1.006 (0.982–1.032) | 1.003 (0.996–1.010) | ||
| 5 | 1.001 (0.999–1.003) | 0.995 (0.969–1.021) | 1.003 (0.996–1.010) | ||
| 6 | 1.001 (0.999–1.003) | 1.008 (0.983–1.033) | 1.003 (0.996–1.010) | ||
| 7 | 1.000 (0.998–1.002) | 0.998 (0.975–1.021) | 1.003 (0.996–1.010) | ||
| ≤60 years | PM2.5 | 0 | 1.000 (0.997–1.003) | 0.999 (0.995–1.002) | 0.999 (0.995–1.002) |
| 1 | 1.000 (0.996–1.003) | 0.999 (0.995–1.003) | 1.002 (1.000–1.004) | ||
| 2 | 1.003 (1.001–1.005) | 1.005 (1.001–1.008)* | 1.002 (1.000–1.004) | ||
| 3 | 1.002 (0.999–1.005) | 1.004 (1.000–1.007) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| 4 | 0.999 (0.995–1.003) | 0.996 (0.992–1.000) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| 5 | 1.000 (0.997–1.003) | 0.998 (0.995–1.002) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| 6 | 1.002 (0.999–1.005) | 1.003 (0.999–1.006) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| 7 | 1.001 (0.998–1.004) | 1.000 (0.996–1.003) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| NO2 | 0 | 0.993 (0.968–1.019) | 0.981 (0.950–1.013) | 0.997 (0.968–1.027) | |
| 1 | 0.996 (0.971–1.022) | 1.042 (1.005–1.081)* | 0.993 (0.976–1.011) | ||
| 2 | 0.971 (0.945–0.997) | 0.929 (0.893–0.967) | 0.993 (0.976–1.011) | ||
| 3 | 1.010 (0.986–1.035) | 1.046 (1.009–1.084) | 0.999 (0.992–1.007) | ||
| 4 | 1.008 (0.984–1.033) | 1.017 (0.981–1.054) | 0.999 (0.992–1.007) | ||
| 5 | 0.977 (0.951–1.003) | 0.958 (0.922–0.996) | 0.999 (0.992–1.007) | ||
| 6 | 0.990 (0.965–1.016) | 1.000 (0.963–1.038) | 0.999 (0.992–1.007) | ||
| 7 | 0.997 (0.973–1.022) | 1.005 (0.975–1.037) | 0.999 (0.992–1.007) | ||
| >60 years | PM2.5 | 0 | 1.006 (1.003–1.009) | 1.005 (1.001–1.009)* | 1.006 (1.002–1.009) |
| 1 | 0.999 (0.993–1.005) | 0.993 (0.983–1.002) | 1.000 (0.997–1.004) | ||
| 2 | 1.005 (1.002–1.009) | 1.003 (0.998–1.008) | 1.000 (0.997–1.004) | ||
| 3 | 1.001 (0.996–1.006) | 1.001 (0.994–1.009) | 1.000 (0.998–1.002) | ||
| 4 | 1.001 (0.996–1.006) | 1.001 (0.994–1.007) | 1.000 (0.998–1.002) | ||
| 5 | 0.998 (0.992–1.005) | 1.000 (0.993–1.008) | 1.000 (0.998–1.002) | ||
| 6 | 0.999 (0.993–1.005) | 1.002 (0.996–1.009) | 1.000 (0.998–1.002) | ||
| 7 | 0.992 (0.982–1.002) | 0.990 (0.980–1.001) | 1.000 (0.998–1.002) | ||
| NO | 0 | 0.998 (0.995–1.002) | 0.959 (0.919–1.000) | 0.979 (0.942–1.018) | |
| 1 | 1.002 (0.999–1.005) | 1.065 (1.026–1.106)* | 1.012 (0.993–1.031) | ||
| 2 | 1.000 (0.996–1.003) | 0.946 (0.904–0.990) | 1.012 (0.993–1.031) | ||
| 3 | 1.004 (1.002–1.007) | 1.057 (1.019–1.095)* | 1.010 (1.000–1.021) | ||
| 4 | 1.002 (0.999–1.005) | 1.015 (0.976–1.055) | 1.010 (1.000–1.021) | ||
| 5 | 1.000 (0.997–1.004) | 0.974 (0.931–1.018) | 1.010 (1.000–1.021) | ||
| 6 | 1.001 (0.998–1.005) | 1.020 (0.978–1.064) | 1.010 (1.000–1.021) | ||
| 7 | 1.002 (0.999–1.005) | 1.009 (0.974–1.046) | 1.010 (1.000–1.021) | ||
| NO2 | 0 | 1.006 (0.965–1.049) | 0.982 (0.931–1.037) | 0.996 (0.949–1.045) | |
| 1 | 1.019 (0.978–1.060) | 1.042 (0.980–1.108) | 1.005 (0.978–1.033) | ||
| 2 | 0.996 (0.953–1.040) | 0.974 (0.913–1.040) | 1.005 (0.978–1.033) | ||
| 3 | 1.006 (0.964–1.049) | 0.986 (0.924–1.053) | 1.005 (0.993–1.016) | ||
| 4 | 1.026 (0.988–1.067) | 1.069 (1.004–1.137)* | 1.005 (0.993–1.016) | ||
| 5 | 1.001 (0.959–1.044) | 0.950 (0.891–1.012) | 1.005 (0.993–1.016) | ||
| 6 | 1.019 (0.980–1.061) | 1.015 (0.952–1.081) | 1.005 (0.993–1.016) | ||
| 7 | 1.029 (0.992–1.068) | 1.009 (0.959–1.062) | 1.005 (0.993–1.016) | ||
| SO2 | 0 | 1.012 (0.972–1.054) | 0.993 (0.936–1.053) | 0.986 (0.937–1.038) | |
| 1 | 1.028 (0.992–1.066) | 1.005 (0.942–1.072) | 1.031 (1.006–1.057) | ||
| 2 | 1.049 (1.014–1.085) | 1.069 (1.017–1.124)* | 1.031 (1.006–1.057) | ||
| 3 | 1.010 (0.969–1.053) | 0.986 (0.924–1.052) | 1.003 (0.990–1.016) | ||
| 4 | 1.000 (0.956–1.045) | 0.958 (0.887–1.035) | 1.003 (0.990–1.016) | ||
| 5 | 1.028 (0.991–1.066) | 1.040 (0.978–1.106) | 1.003 (0.990–1.016) | ||
| 6 | 1.032 (0.997–1.069) | 1.026 (0.968–1.088) | 1.003 (0.990–1.016) | ||
| 7 | 1.012 (0.971–1.054) | 0.985 (0.931–1.041) | 1.003 (0.990–1.016) |
Notes: *Statistically significant. aAdjusted for trend, seasonality, temperature, relative humidity, weekdays, and holidays.