Table 4.
The Relative Risk (95% CIs) of COPD Admissions with an Increase of 10 µg/M3 in PM2.5, NO, NO2, and CO According to Single Lag, Adjusted Unconstrained and Constrained DLM Modelsa
| Respondents | Pollutant | Lag | Lag Terms Model One at Time RR (95% CI) | Adjusted Unconstrained DLM RR (95% CI) | Adjusted Constrained DLM RR(95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | PM2.5 | 0 | 0.999 (0.997–1.001) | 0.999 (0.996–1.001) | 0.998 (0.996–1.001) |
| 1 | 1.000 (0.998–1.002) | 1.000 (0.997–1.002) | 1.001 (1.000–1.003) | ||
| 2 | 1.001 (0.999–1.003) | 1.003 (1.001–1.005)* | 1.001 (1.000–1.003) | ||
| 3 | 1.001 (0.998–1.003) | 1.001 (0.999–1.003) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| 4 | 0.999 (0.996–1.001) | 0.997 (0.994–1.000) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| 5 | 1.000 (0.997–1.002) | 1.000 (0.997–1.003) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| 6 | 1.000 (0.998–1.003) | 1.001 (0.998–1.004) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| 7 | 1.000 (0.998–1.002) | 0.999 (0.997–1.002) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| NO | 0 | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | 0.994 (0.980–1.008) | 1.001 (0.989–1.014) | |
| 1 | 1.001 (1.000–1.002) | 1.021 (1.006–1.036)* | 0.999 (0.992–1.007) | ||
| 2 | 0.999 (0.998–1.000) | 0.974 (0.957–0.991) | 0.999 (0.992–1.007) | ||
| 3 | 1.000 (0.999–1.002) | 1.017 (1.001–1.032)* | 1.000 (0.996–1.004) | ||
| 4 | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | 0.993 (0.977–1.009) | 1.000 (0.996–1.004) | ||
| 5 | 1.000 (0.998–1.001) | 0.992 (0.976–1.009) | 1.000 (0.996–1.004) | ||
| 6 | 1.000 (0.999–1.002) | 1.006 (0.992–1.022) | 1.000 (0.996–1.004) | ||
| 7 | 1.001 (0.999–1.002) | 1.001 (0.987–1.014) | 1.000 (0.996–1.004) | ||
| Male | PM2.5 | 0 | 0.999 (0.997–1.002) | 0.999 (0.995–1.002) | 0.998 (0.995–1.002) |
| 1 | 1.000 (0.997–1.002) | 0.999 (0.996–1.002) | 1.001 (0.999–1.003) | ||
| 2 | 1.002 (0.999–1.004) | 1.003 (1.000–1.006)* | 1.001 (0.999–1.003) | ||
| 3 | 1.001 (0.998–1.003) | 1.001 (0.998–1.004) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| 4 | 0.999 (0.997–1.002) | 0.998 (0.995–1.001) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| 5 | 1.000 (0.998–1.003) | 1.001 (0.998–1.004) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| 6 | 1.000 (0.998–1.003) | 1.001 (0.998–1.004) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| 7 | 1.000 (0.997–1.003) | 0.999 (0.996–1.002) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | ||
| NO | 0 | 1.000 (0.999–1.002) | 0.994 (0.978–1.011) | 1.001 (0.986–1.017) | |
| 1 | 1.001 (0.999–1.002) | 1.020 (1.002–1.039)* | 0.998 (0.989–1.008) | ||
| 2 | 0.999 (0.997–1.000) | 0.974 (0.954–0.995) | 0.998 (0.989–1.008) | ||
| 3 | 1.000 (0.998–1.001) | 1.011 (0.991–1.030) | 0.998 (0.993–1.003) | ||
| 4 | 0.999 (0.998–1.001) | 0.993 (0.974–1.012) | 0.998 (0.993–1.003) | ||
| 5 | 0.999 (0.998–1.001) | 0.988 (0.968–1.008) | 0.998 (0.993–1.003) | ||
| 6 | 1.000 (0.999–1.002) | 1.008 (0.990–1.026) | 0.998 (0.993–1.003) | ||
| 7 | 1.001 (0.999–1.002) | 1.000 (0.984–1.016) | 0.998 (0.993–1.003) | ||
| Female | NO | 0 | 1.000 (0.998–1.003) | 0.995 (0.971–1.019) | 1.002 (0.980–1.025) |
| 1 | 1.001 (0.999–1.003) | 1.021 (0.995–1.047) | 1.001 (0.988–1.014) | ||
| 2 | 1.000 (0.997–1.002) | 0.973 (0.945–1.003) | 1.001 (0.988–1.014) | ||
| 3 | 1.001 (1.000–1.003) | 1.028 (1.002–1.055)* | 1.003 (0.996–1.009) | ||
| 4 | 1.000 (0.998–1.002) | 0.993 (0.966–1.020) | 1.003 (0.996–1.009) | ||
| 5 | 1.000 (0.998–1.002) | 0.998 (0.969–1.027) | 1.003 (0.996–1.009) | ||
| 6 | 1.000 (0.998–1.002) | 1.004 (0.978–1.032) | 1.003 (0.996–1.009) | ||
| 7 | 1.001 (0.999–1.003) | 1.001 (0.977–1.026) | 1.003 (0.996–1.009) | ||
| NO2 | 0 | 1.021 (0.997–1.046) | 1.008 (0.975–1.041) | 1.013 (0.983–1.044) | |
| 1 | 1.023 (0.999–1.047) | 1.021 (0.981–1.061) | 1.004 (0.987–1.022) | ||
| 2 | 1.007 (0.982–1.032) | 0.998 (0.958–1.040) | 1.004 (0.987–1.022) | ||
| 3 | 1.007 (0.982–1.033) | 0.972 (0.933–1.014) | 1.005 (0.998–1.012) | ||
| 4 | 1.026 (1.003–1.050) | 1.049 (1.010–1.090)* | 1.005 (0.998–1.012) | ||
| 5 | 1.012 (0.987–1.037) | 0.986 (0.947–1.027) | 1.005 (0.998–1.012) | ||
| 6 | 1.011 (0.986–1.036) | 1.009 (0.969–1.051) | 1.005 (0.998–1.012) | ||
| 7 | 1.011 (0.987–1.037) | 1.001 (0.967–1.035) | 1.005 (0.998–1.012) | ||
| CO | 0 | 1.466 (1.180–1.822) | 1.643 (1.233–2.191)* | 1.654 (1.258–2.174) | |
| 1 | 1.072 (0.740–1.551) | 0.795 (0.501–1.259) | 0.772 (0.538–1.108) | ||
| 2 | 0.759 (0.396–1.455) | 0.744 (0.355–1.561) | 0.772 (0.538–1.108) | ||
| 3 | 0.947 (0.593–1.515) | 1.079 (0.622–1.871) | 1.055 (0.910–1.222) | ||
| 4 | 0.861 (0.503–1.473) | 0.870 (0.463–1.635) | 1.055 (0.910–1.222) | ||
| 5 | 1.038 (0.697–1.544) | 1.051 (0.667–1.658) | 1.055 (0.910–1.222) | ||
| 6 | 1.149 (0.831–1.590) | 1.203 (0.781–1.852) | 1.055 (0.910–1.222) | ||
| 7 | 1.061 (0.732–1.539) | 1.042 (0.660–1.645) | 1.055 (0.910–1.222) | ||
| ≤60 years | PM2.5 | 0 | 0.997 (0.992–1.002) | 0.997 (0.991–1.002) | 0.996 (0.991–1.001) |
| 1 | 0.998 (0.993–1.003) | 0.998 (0.993–1.003) | 1.001 (0.998–1.004) | ||
| 2 | 1.001 (0.998–1.005) | 1.004 (1.000–1.009)* | 1.001 (0.998–1.004) | ||
| 3 | 1.000 (0.996–1.004) | 1.001 (0.996–1.006) | 0.999 (0.998–1.001) | ||
| 4 | 0.996 (0.991–1.001) | 0.995 (0.990–1.001) | 0.999 (0.998–1.001) | ||
| 5 | 0.997 (0.992–1.002) | 0.999 (0.994–1.004) | 0.999 (0.998–1.001) | ||
| 6 | 1.000 (0.996–1.004) | 1.001 (0.996–1.005) | 0.999 (0.998–1.001) | ||
| 7 | 1.000 (0.996–1.004) | 0.999 (0.995–1.004) | 0.999 (0.998–1.001) | ||
| >60 years | NO | 0 | 1.001 (0.999–1.002) | 0.999 (0.983–1.016) | 1.007 (0.992–1.023) |
| 1 | 1.001 (1.000–1.003) | 1.022 (1.004–1.040)* | 1.000 (0.991–1.009) | ||
| 2 | 0.999 (0.998–1.001) | 0.972 (0.951–0.993) | 1.000 (0.991–1.009) | ||
| 3 | 1.001 (1.000–1.003) | 1.020 (1.002–1.039)* | 1.003 (0.998–1.008) | ||
| 4 | 1.001 (1.000–1.002) | 1.000 (0.983–1.019) | 1.003 (0.998–1.008) | ||
| 5 | 1.001 (0.999–1.002) | 1.005 (0.986–1.025) | 1.003 (0.998–1.008) | ||
| 6 | 1.000 (0.998–1.001) | 0.994 (0.975–1.014) | 1.003 (0.998–1.008) | ||
| 7 | 1.000 (0.999–1.002) | 1.006 (0.989–1.023) | 1.003 (0.998–1.008) |
Notes: *Statistically significant. aAdjusted for trend, seasonality, temperature, relative humidity, weekdays, and holidays.