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Working model of signaling pathways involved in FASSs-induced HUVEC proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. FASSs increase the levels of TGF-β, VEGFA, and PDGF. These factors subsequently activate downstream signaling pathways to promote endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. In addition, FASSs increase the expression of CD31 and α-SMA to stabilize the neovasculature.
