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The relationships between GRHL2 and TGF-β/MAPK signal pathways. GRHL2 suppresses TGF-β-induced EMT, TGF-β/Smad mediated transcription of target genes including CTGF and ZEB1 in part via direct repression of the ZEB1 promoter; GRHL2 suppresses TGF-β signaling through activating the MAP kinases, GRHL2 is also down-regulated by Wnt and TGF-β signaling; GRHL2 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway.
