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. 2020 Mar 3;8:159. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00159

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Copyright © 2020 Schmid, Burkhart, Allaire, Grindle, Bassani, Galbusera and Anderson.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Convex to concave ratios for cross-sectional areas (CSA) of the erector spinae (ES) muscle at the curve apex (left) as well as the multifidi (MF) muscles at the levels T8, L1, L4, and the curve apex (right).