Table 1.
Imaging protocols reported in the micro-CT imaging literature: ROI = region of interest, %w/v = concentration in % weight/volume, NP = not provided in article and also not retrieved after approaching corresponding author, PFA = paraformaldehyde, EtOH = ethanol, PTAH = phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin
| Ref | Number of specimens | Gestational age (weeks) | Anatomical ROI | Fixation protocol | Staining protocol | Scanner model | Current (μA) | Voltage (kV) | (Isotropic) Voxel dimension (μm) |
Acquisition time | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixation agent | Fixation duration | Stain agent | % w/v | Duration | |||||||||
| Sandrini 2019 [54] | 10 | 13–22 | Heart | 10% formalin | < 1 year | Lugol | 3–3.75 | 72 h | Skyscan 1176 (Bruker) | 264–500 | 50–89 | 9–18 | NP |
| Johnson Chacko 2019 [20] | 48 | 17–30 | Inner ear | Formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde | Weeks | None | XRadia MicroXCT-400 (Carl Zeiss) | 110 | 45 | 4.7–14.5 | NP | ||
| Katsube 2019 [55] | 21 | 15–20 | Craniofacial | NP | Years | None | Toscaner-30000 (Toshiba) | 180–200 | 120 | 35–66 | NP | ||
| Kramer 2019 [26] | 6 | 22–42 | Craniofacial | NP | Years | None | XTH 225 L (Nikon) | NP | NP | NP | NP | ||
| Lombardi 2019 [56] | 12 | 10–26 | Brain | 4% PFA | 15–45 days | Lugol | 3.75–9 | 48–120 h | Skyscan 1176 (Bruker) | 313 | 80 | 18 | 6–20 min |
| Schanandore 2018 [27] | 1 | 20 | Full body | Formalin | Years | None | V|tome|x s (GE) | 200 | 100 | NP | NP | ||
| J.C. Hutchinson 2018 [17] | 20 | 11–22 | Full body | 10% formalin | 72 h | Lugol | 3.75 | 72 h | XTH 225 ST (Nikon) | 87–180 | 80–110 | 7.4–51 | 57 min |
| Meignan 2018 [57] | 1 | 22 | Pelvic vascularization | Formalin | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | SkyScan 1076 (Bruker) | NP | NP | 36 | NP |
| Richard 2017 [28] | 8 | 17–39 | Inner ear | 10% formalin | 1 week | None | VivaCT-40 (scanco medical) | 142–176 | 45–55 | 10 | 40–100 min | ||
| E.F. Hutchinson 2017 [29] | NP | 30–40 | Mandible | NP | NP | None | XTH 225 L (Nikon) | 83–100 | 83–100 | 23–50 | NP | ||
| J.C. Hutchinson 2016 [36] | 6 | 17–23 | Heart | 10% formalin | 48 h | Lugol | 3.75 | 48 h | XTH 320 (Nikon) | 50–135 | 85–125 | 19–31 | 35–70 min |
| Wu 2016 [58] | 3 | 35–37 | Nasolabial muscle | 4% PFA | 48 h | Lugol | 3.75 | 7 days | Inveon LG (Siemens) | 400 | 60 | 10 | 15–20 min |
| Acquaah 2015 [30] | NP | 24–40 | Vertebrae | * | None | XTH 225 (Nikon) | NP | NP | 28 | NP | |||
| Skadorwa 2015 [31] | 11 | 16–27 | Fallopian canal | 10% formalin | 4 months | None | SkyScan 1076 (Bruker) | 124 | 80 | 9 | 17–40 min | ||
| Dumic-Cule 2014 [32] | 15 | NP | Optic canal and orbital cavity | * | None | SkyScan 1076 (Bruker) | 250 | 50 | 18 | 15 min | |||
| Lombardi 2014 [59] | 21 | 10–22 | Full body and heart | 4% PFA | 4–7 days | Lugol | 3.75, 7.50 | 2–7 days | SkyScan 1176 (Bruker) | 300, 313 | 80 | 9, 18, 35 | 4, 6, 25 min |
| Spaw 2014 [35] | 2 | 12, 15 | Full body | 70% EtOH | > 10 years | Lugol | 1.25, 5.5 | 2 h–7 months | eXplore Locus (GE) | NP | NP | 20, 45 | NP |
| Siebert 2013 [46] | 11 | 17–31 | Bladder | Formalin | NP | PTAH | NP | days | SkyScan 1076 (Bruker) | 150 | 65 | 9, 18, 35 | 5–45 min |
| Reissis 2012 [33] | 38 | 16–40 | Humerus and femur | * | None | Actis 420/600 (BioImaging and research) | 140–200 | 40-60 | 60 × 60 × 100, 120 × 120 × 100 | Hours | |||
| Shibata 2009 [22] | 3 | 21, 23, 24 | Inner ear | 10% formalin | 40 years | None | Actis (BioImaging and research) | 100 | 80–180 |
7 × 7 × 40 12 × 12 × 78 |
NP | ||
| Windisch 2007 [23] | 7 | 25–37 | Lower extremity | ¥ | None | Ray Scan 250 E (GmbH) | NP | NP | 17–47 | NP | |||
| Shibata 2006 [24] | 2 | 36 | Cranium | Formalin | 40 years | None | NP | 190 | 58 | 97 | 30 min | ||
| Mccoll 2006 [25] | 38 | 16–36 | Iliac bone | * | None | Actis 420/600 (BioImaging and research) | 140–200 | 40–60 |
40 × 40 × 100 60 × 60 × 100 |
> 120 min | |||
*No fixation, only maceration to clean soft tissue from the bones; ¥no fixation, only balming using Thiel’s method