Table 1.

Summary of immune cytokine profiles during in vitro studies of patient immune responses in PNTM infection.

Study population	Patient #	Organism	Sample	Stimuli	Measurement	Result	References
PNTM patients before or during treatment vs. MTBa patients vs. HCb	32	MAC and M. kansasii	PBMC supernatant	PHAc, anti-CD3, PPDd, and viable NTM	Cytokines by ELISA	Patients—↓ IFNγ and TNF	(92)
PTNM patients before or during treatment vs. HC that were MAC sensitin+	26	MAC	PBMC and BALf supernatant	Heat killed MAC and MTB	Cytokines by ELISA and ICSh	Patients—↑ IL10 (produced by T cells and monocytes) and ↓ IFNγ, IL12 and TNF	(90)
PNTM patients with persistent NTM infection vs. HC	5	MAC	PBMC supernatant	PHA, PMAe and anti-CD3	Cytokines by ELISA	Patients—↓ IFNγ	(91)
PNTM patients vs. HC	29	MAC and MABS	PBMC supernatant	PHA +/– IL12 and LPS +/–IFNγ	Cytokines by ELISA	Patients—↓ IFNγ, TNF, and IL12p40i	(96)
PNTM patients before or during treatment vs. HC (related) or HC (general population)	17	MAC	PBMC supernatant	SEBg, PPD, and MAC sensitin	Cytokines by ELISA and ICS	Patients—↑ IL10, IFNγ, IFNγ+ by CD4+ T cells and ↓ IL17	(93)
PNTM patients before treatment vs. HC	42	MAC	Serum		Cytokine array	Patients - ↓ CD40L, IFNγ, IL6, IL8, and IL23	(94)
PNTM patients vs. HC	50	MAC	PBMC and MoDC supernatant	MAC sensitin, heat killed MAC and PHA	Cytokines by ELISA	Patients -↓ IFNγ and TNF	(102)

^aMTB: Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

^bHC: Healthy Controls.

^cPHA: Phytohaemagglutinin.

^dPPD: Purified Protein Derivative.

^ePMA: Phorbol myristate acetate.

^fBAL: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.

^gSEB: Staphylococcal enterotoxin B.

^hICS: Intracellular cytokine staining using flow cytometry.

ⁱSame result for both MAC and MABS.